I think your categorisation of surveillance systems could benefit from being done on two axes: the population/environment being tested and the method used for detection. You can basically combine any of these with any of the others, and evaluate their pros/cons orthogonally.
Environments/populations:
Symptomatic individuals (eg: hospitalised patients with respiratory symptoms or primary care patients reporting ILI)
High-risk individuals (eg: farm or healthcare workers)
Convenience populations (eg: residual samples from primary care or app users)
General population (eg: randomly sampled individuals, similar to an opinion poll)
Wastewater
Livestock
Other environmental surveillance (eg: high-touch areas in built environments)
Pathogen-specific lab-based (eg: PCR). You have these under point-of-care, but normally point-of-care means at or near the point the sample was taken while PCR normally needs to be sent off to a lab (some hospitals have labs and treatment on the same site which does complicate this a little).
Pathogen-agnostic lab-based (eg: metagenomics)
Pathogen-agnostic point-of-person or point-of-care (no current technologies AFAIK)
Symptom-based (eg: ZOE app or count of hospital admissions)
Interesting read, thank you.
I think your categorisation of surveillance systems could benefit from being done on two axes: the population/environment being tested and the method used for detection. You can basically combine any of these with any of the others, and evaluate their pros/cons orthogonally.
Environments/populations:
Symptomatic individuals (eg: hospitalised patients with respiratory symptoms or primary care patients reporting ILI)
High-risk individuals (eg: farm or healthcare workers)
Convenience populations (eg: residual samples from primary care or app users)
General population (eg: randomly sampled individuals, similar to an opinion poll)
Wastewater
Livestock
Other environmental surveillance (eg: high-touch areas in built environments)
Testing technologies:
Pathogen-specific point-of-person (eg: antigen, CRISPR)
Pathogen-specific point-of-care (eg: LAMP)
Pathogen-specific lab-based (eg: PCR). You have these under point-of-care, but normally point-of-care means at or near the point the sample was taken while PCR normally needs to be sent off to a lab (some hospitals have labs and treatment on the same site which does complicate this a little).
Pathogen-agnostic lab-based (eg: metagenomics)
Pathogen-agnostic point-of-person or point-of-care (no current technologies AFAIK)
Symptom-based (eg: ZOE app or count of hospital admissions)
Novel data (eg: Tweets or search trends)