I think there’s also a brain gain effect that includes the spillivers on the ambition of siblings and friends of migrants besides remittances. I think we cant exclude the possible that for the top there exists brain drain in net, due to lacking data. I have heard of forthcoming research regarding brain gain, but here is one study:
Batista, Catia, Aitor Lacuesta, and Pedro C. Vicente. 2012. “Testing the ‘Brain Gain’ Hypothesis: Micro Evidence from Cape Verde.” Journal of Development Economics 97 (1): 32–45.
I think there’s also a brain gain effect that includes the spillivers on the ambition of siblings and friends of migrants besides remittances. I think we cant exclude the possible that for the top there exists brain drain in net, due to lacking data. I have heard of forthcoming research regarding brain gain, but here is one study:
Batista, Catia, Aitor Lacuesta, and Pedro C. Vicente. 2012. “Testing the ‘Brain Gain’ Hypothesis: Micro Evidence from Cape Verde.” Journal of Development Economics 97 (1): 32–45.