The following document provides a provisional model of the current AI policies of each country, divided by region (July 2024) as part of my BlueDot Impact Project. It is organized according to four factors that I deemed important to include in the analysis of the information that I found based on the Global AI regulation tracker and completed through additional research. https://www.techieray.com/GlobalAIRegulationTracker. These include:
Regulation Status and if the approach is based on Innovation or Regulation
Type of policy lever used (Federal R&D spending, Export controls etc..) and which ‘AI triad’ is put forward—algorithm, data, computing power
Type of governance: Organizational governance (data privacy, ethics, accountability), Case governance (healthcare, finance, transportation), Model governance (design, training, deployment AI models).
What actors and scale (regional, national, international)
Please note that although this list seeks to be as exhaustive as possible, it may contain some errors and/ or updated information. My aim is to be able to keep track of new legislations/ decisions and update the table entries as often and precisely as possible.
Notes: NA = Information non-available/ released
* same as the information before
Asia
Regulation status: restrictive or innovative?
Type of policy lever emphasized as part of ‘AI triad’
Type of governance:
Case, model, organization and area of focus
What actors: subnational/ supranational
Bangladesh
Restrictive
No regulation ratified
Data-driven policy making
Case governance
Weaponry
agriculture, medical science, space exploration, climate change mitigation, and job creation and against weaponry
Supranational
April 2024 latest international conference
Ministries, Academia, Private industries
Bhutan
NA
NA
NA
NA
Brunei
Innovative from ASEAN guidelines
No regulation ratified
Data-driven
Digital Economy Masterplan 2025
Case governance
institutional reforms and economic prosperity. A crucial aspiration is leveraging technology and innovation, enabling a productive business environment.
Intraregional ASEAN
Cambodia
Innovative
ASEAN guidelines but no regulation ratified
Organizational and model
Intraregional
ASEAN
China
Innovative
ASEAN and BRICS
Regulation of specific applications of AI
Data and algorithm
Organizational, model and case (deep synthesis, technology, generative AI)
Both national (top-down, governmental approach) and intraregional
India
Innovative mainly but also restrictive (home to strongest pro-AI markets) and BRICS
AI-specific regulation being drafted. Government is adding AI-specific rules in the IT Act and a new forthcoming Digital India Act.
Data and computing
Case and modern governance
Digital Personal India Act
Regional (within Asian continent )
Indonesia
Innovative
AI-specific regulation being drafted.
Draft AI ethics guidelines released.
Data and computing power
Organizational and case governance Research and
Indonesia’s AI strategy emphasis on healthcare AI and infrastructure
Within ASEAN guidelines but aligning itself with global AI regulations. Becoming a data regional hub
Japan
Restrictive (risk-based)
AI-specific regulation under development.
AI ethics principles available (i.e. Social Principles for Human-Centric AI).
Various AI guidelines released.
Leading international efforts through the Hiroshima AI Process (G7) and Hiroshima AI Process Friends Group (OECD).
Data and algorithm
Legally binding regulations, export controls of chips
Organizational and case (business and social principles)
National and regional
AI technologies are used to boost their economic growth
Kazakhstan
No regulation yet but The CIS has approved a draft model law to regulate the use of AI and Ethical Standards and State Regulation
Data and computing
Model governance (training and deployment of AI models) and organization
National AI Development Concept and Infrastructure Plans through governmental actors. Kazakhstan is already taking steps to integrate AI by collecting data from government agencies through Smart Data Ukimet,
North Korea
NA
NA
NA
NA
South Korea
Innovative
Draft AI bill passed to final stage of voting. Various iterations of AI bills had been proposed in the past.
Law on ‘intelligent robots’ available.
Privacy law includes amendments around automated decision making systems (including those powered by AI).
Data
Federal R&D spending and safe deployment of R&D models
Organizational and model—reliability, transparency and safety. AI industry through corporate self-regulation rather than government regulation.
Regional with ASEAN and national with companies
Kyrgyzstan
No regulation yet
Digital Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2023, comprehensive legal framework that codifies existing digital regulation (such as on personal data) and provides new norms to regulate the development and deployment of various digital technologies, including the regulation of AI.
Data and deployment of technologies
Model governance: emphasis on law for protection of data and CIS recommendation
National
Laos
AI ethics and governance guide available but no regulation
Innovation-based approach based on ASEAN
Data-driven policy
Case and model governance
Settles down with ASEAN regulation framework
Malaysia
Risk-based approach
No AI-specific regulation yet.
AI ethics framework planned but not yet released.
Cyber Security Bill 2024
Data-driven policy
Attracting FDI investors from ASEAN and developing digital economy
Case and organizational governance—developing national AI companies
Case and organizational: strategy calls for effective technology-neutral and principles-based regulation and enhancing IP protection.
Bases itself on ASEAN regulation framework
Myanmar
Myanmar is developing a Digital Government Masterplan (2023-30) but no regulation
Data-driven
Attracting FDI
Case governance (ethics)
Few interregional and intraregional partnerships
Nepal
No regulation yet but has released a draft bill designed to manage IT and cyber security.
Data-driven
No much information but more towards model governance
Few interregional and intraregional partnerships
Philippines
Draft bills on AI proposed but no regulation
More restrictive
Data-driven
Increase R&D
Case governance (politics and finance)
Comelec is set to come out with guidelines for the use of AI to promote the candidates in the May 2025 National and Local Elections (NLE) and deep fakes
National level
Gov. actors: body called the ‘Artificial Intelligence Development Authority’ (AIDA), which would be responsible for, among other things, developing national regulations
Singapore
Innovative
No AI-specific regulation yet.
AI ethics framework, privacy guidelines, toolkit and regulatory sandbox available.
R&D spending, export controls
Organizational, case
Focus on synthetic data generation
ASEAN framework but also international : Singapore and the US have signed the “Statement of Intent (SOI) on Data, Analytics, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Cooperation”
Sri Lanka
No regulation
Innovative approach
but AI White paper on the prevailing challenges to AI’s rollout in Sri Lanka.
Data-driven
Focus on national entrepreneurship
Organizational (safety and privacy.)
National digital strategy, no interregional or international cooperation
Taiwan
Innovative
Draft AI law under consultation.
Regulatory sandboxes available for AI businesses relating to fintech and unmanned vehicles.
Computing, algorithm and data
National law on AI
Emphasis on control of microchips as world’s biggest producer
Case and organizational—drafting of the “Artificial Intelligence Fundamental Act” in June 2024 on the respect human rights and social stability.
National and regional
Tajikistan
Innovative
Draft law aiming to create uniform rules for managing public relations related to AI
Data and algorithm
Case and organizational
Common model rules rulemaking, ensuring safety in AI applications
National with emphasis on ’model law for AI’
Thailand
Risk-based approach very similar the EU’s Draft AI Act,
Draft AI regulation in progress.
Draft royal decree on AI in progress.
Data
AI as a tool for R&D
Case and organizational Supporting sustainble
Development
bureaucracy
Regional with ASEAN and national
Turkmenistan
Risk-based approach
Draft model law to regulate the use of AI that aims to create uniform rules for managing public relations related to AI use
Data
AI as a tool for R&D
Case and organizational common model rules for rule-making, and technological development space for innovative economic growth in the region.
National
Governmental actors axis
Uzbekistan
Risk-based
2021 resolution to introduce a special regime for the use of AI technologies within the framework of experimental innovative research
Data
AI as a tool for R&D
Case and organizational
National
Governmental actors axis
Vietnam
Innovative
Draft law on digital technology (covering AI) under public consultation.
Draft standards on AI available and under public consultation.
Data and algorithm
Export controls and federal spending on sector growth
Case (social media, policymakers, tech companies) and organizational
Regional
ASEAN
Middle East, North Africa, and Greater Arabia
Afghanistan
There are currently no specific AI laws in Afghanistan, and the development of such regulations does not seem to be a priority for the current
NA
NA
NA
Algeria
Innovative
Humans-right-centered approach to AI governance being promoted through various documentation ( blueprint, resolution and whitepaper) released by various agencies of the African Union.
White Paper released b follows the 2021 AI blueprint and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’
Data and computing
Export controls
Case and organizational governance: developing private sector and human-centered approach to AI governance
Regional and international:
The African Union’s Executive session in July 2024,on “Continental Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy” and “African Digital Compact” and the Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy
And G7 in collaboration with UNDP
Azerbaijan
Not much information but is following EU regulations through The Council of Europe Committee on Artificial Intelligence and the Council of Europe Framework Convention on artificial intelligence and human rights
NA
NA
Bahrain
Risk-based
April 2024: approves comprehensive AI law
Data and algorithm:
Criminalizing AI that could lead to societal unrest or political disturbances, with imprisonment and extending liability to establishments
Case and organizational—tampering with biometrics, invasion of privacy, and discrimination
National and bureaucratic level
Egypt
No AI-specific regulation yet.
AI ethics framework available.
Egyptian Charter for Responsible AI
National AI Strategy (2021)
The Education Committee of the Egyptian Senate agreed on the need to issue a document evaluating the ethics and control of AI in Egypt. The Senate’s Education Committee approved the proposal regarding the issuance of a document on the ethics of AI,
Organizational and model—The National AI Strategy has four pillars: (1) AI for government, (2) AI for development, (3) Capacity building,and (4) International relations. These pillars are supported by 4 enablers: (1) Governance, (2) Data, (3) Ecosystem, and (4) Infrastructure.
National but aiming to become a regional AI power
Iran
Risk-based approach
Data-driven
Administrative support for the R&D and digital economy
Case and organizational: Iranian policy to use “intelligent systems” (e.g. facial recognition and surveillance technology) to enforce governmental laws.
National-based, not adopting any regional regulations but aiming to become an AI power by 2032.
Iraq
Innovation
No regulation but national AI strategy for Intelligence (2023)
May 2024, minister called for social media Ai regulation
Data-driven
Export control
F&D spending
Case and organizational (data privacy, security, and transparency
Model governance: Desire to move towards international regulation for social media content and AI;
Iraq to become an important international telecommunications hub for AI comparable to the Suez Canal.
Israel
No AI-specific regulation yet.
2023 policy for AI regulation calls for sectoral regulation and a risk-based approach.
Data-driven
Sectoral regulation, soft’ regulatory tools intended to allow for an incremental development of the regulatory framework; and fostering cooperation between the public and private
initiative to introduce the National AI Code of Ethics
Case and organizational focused on building a follow-up system for compliance with the ethics of AI, reviewing and updating the relevant legislative and regulatory environment.
Humans-right-centered approach to AI governance being promoted through various documentation (e.g. blueprint, resolution and whitepaper) released by various agencies of the African Union.
Data and computing
Export controls
Case and organizational governance: developing private sector and human-centered approach to AI governance
African Union and G7 and UNDP
Morocco
Humans-right-centered approach to AI governance being promoted through various documentation (e.g. blueprint, resolution and whitepaper) released by various agencies of the African Union.
Data and computing
Export controls
Case and organizational governance: developing private sector and human-centered approach to AI governance
Organizational for the ethical, fair and safe use of AI applications by reviewing and updating laws and policies through community privacy, governance of data collection
National AI policy
Pakistan
No AI-specific regulation yet. Draft national AI policy (including an regulatory directorate) being consulted.
Investing in R&DAI through Center for Media (AICOM) which monitors the impact of data and AI on media and support the media sector in its use of these technologies.
Case and model governance based on consumer protection
requirement for developers of AI systems to carry out risk assessments AI systems to be classified as high-risk and require further precautions.
Case and organizational:
security, transparency, fairness, accountability, and privacy
National but also regional/ international approach through establishment of norms
The United Arab Emirates
Innovation and risk-based approach
No AI-specific regulation yet. AI ethics available. Guidelines also available for public sector and financial services sector
Various AI guides and resources released by UAE government.
Data-centered
Implementing financial institutions for AI safety and research
Case and organizational:
UAE AI Council and a government law on the safe use of AI.
International presence
The UAE Government is one of the most proactive governments in the world on AI. In 2017, the UAE became the first country to appoint a Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence
Yemen
There are currently no specific AI laws in Yemen. ongoing conflicts and political instability.
NA
NA
NA
Europe
Albania
No national regulation, based on EU risk-based approach*
EU laws framework—regional and intergovernmental level
Andorra
No national regulation, based on EU risk-based approach*
*Idem
*Idem
*Idem
Armenia
No national regulation, based on EU risk-based approach*
*Idem
*Idem
*Idem
Austria
Risk-based approach
AI-specific law available (EU AI Act), which regulates AI systems across all sectors based on their risk categorisation (i.e. prohibited systems v high risk systems v other AI systems with transparency obligations). Draft directive on a liability regime for AI.
*Idem
*Idem
*Idem
Belarus
*
*
*
*
Belgium
*
*
*
*
Bosnia and Herzegovina
*
*
*
*
Bulgaria
*
*
*
*
Cyprus
*
*
*
*
Czech Republic
*
*
*
*
Denmark
*
*
*
*
Estonia
*
*
*
*
Croatia
*
*
*
*
France
*
*
*
*
Georgia
*
*
*
*
Germany
*
*
*
*
Greece
*
*
*
*
Hungary
*
*
*
*
Iceland
*
*
*
*
Ireland
*
*
*
*
Italy
*
*
*
*
Kosovo
*
*
*
*
Latvia
*
*
*
*
Liechtenstein
*
*
*
*
Lithuania
*
*
*
*
Luxembourg
*
*
*
*
Macedonia
*
*
*
*
Malta
*
*
*
*
Moldova
*
*
*
*
Monaco
*
*
*
*
Montenegro
*
*
*
*
Netherlands
*
*
*
*
Norway
Risk-based approach
As Norway is an EEA country, the EU AI Act is expected to eventually be implemented as Norwegian law, even though no formal decision or approval has been made.
No AI-specific regulation yet.
Regulatory sandbox established.
AI ethics framework available (under National Strategy).
Case governance: promoting social and economic strenght
Emergency Decree No. 007-2020 (2020): obligations, that public entities and private sector organisations promote and ensure the ethical use of digital technologies
Agesic has presented a report with recommendations for regulating AI.
Data and algorithm
creating public databases to serve as training data for AI systems.
Emphasis AI on the public sector, strengthen Agesic and its competencies on AI and data issues, create internal data committees in public entities
*** Regional but national incentives
Venezuela
***
***
***
***
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola
Humans-right-centered approach to AI governance being promoted through various documentation (e.g. blueprint, resolution and whitepaper) released by various agencies of the African Union.*
Data and computing
Export controls*
Case and organizational governance: developing private sector and human-centered approach to AI governance *
Regional: [16 July 2024] EARFAI adopts Nairobi Statement: the countries of East Africa have adopted the Nairobi Statement on Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in Eastern Africa.It necessitates the approval of the African Union Continental Strategy on Artificial Intelligence
Based on the emphasis on leveraging AI for sustainable development in the region.
Lesotho
*
*
*
*
Liberia
*
*
*
*
Madagascar
*
*
*
*
Malawi
*
*
*
*
Mali
*
*
*
*
Mauritania
*
*
*
*
Mauritius
*
*
*
*
Mozambique
*
*
*
*
Namibia
*
*
*
*
Niger
*
*
*
*
Rwanda
*
*
*
*
Sao Tome and Principe
*
*
*
*
Senegal
*
*
*
*
Seychelles
*
*
*
*
Sierra Leone
*
*
*
*
South Africa
No direct AI regulation nor strategy yet.
Data and computing (military)
Case, organizational and model with focus on very specific sectors and themes
Case and organizational based on transparency in public overisght and mitigate biases
National, interregional * African Union, and international with the European Union (EU) to develop a Startup Bill, which will further support technological innovation and entrepreneurship
Case governance in the sectors of (possible legislation), biometrics and AI, and organizational - calling for agencies and businesses to make privacy a focus
AI governance tracker of each country per region
The following document provides a provisional model of the current AI policies of each country, divided by region (July 2024) as part of my BlueDot Impact Project. It is organized according to four factors that I deemed important to include in the analysis of the information that I found based on the Global AI regulation tracker and completed through additional research. https://www.techieray.com/GlobalAIRegulationTracker. These include:
Regulation Status and if the approach is based on Innovation or Regulation
Type of policy lever used (Federal R&D spending, Export controls etc..) and which ‘AI triad’ is put forward—algorithm, data, computing power
Type of governance: Organizational governance (data privacy, ethics, accountability), Case governance (healthcare, finance, transportation), Model governance (design, training, deployment AI models).
What actors and scale (regional, national, international)
Please note that although this list seeks to be as exhaustive as possible, it may contain some errors and/ or updated information. My aim is to be able to keep track of new legislations/ decisions and update the table entries as often and precisely as possible.
Notes: NA = Information non-available/ released
* same as the information before
Asia
Type of governance:
Case, model, organization and area of focus
Restrictive
No regulation ratified
Case governance
Weaponry
agriculture, medical science, space exploration, climate change mitigation, and job creation and against weaponry
Supranational
April 2024 latest international conference
Ministries, Academia, Private industries
Innovative from ASEAN guidelines
No regulation ratified
Data-driven
Digital Economy Masterplan 2025
Case governance
institutional reforms and economic prosperity. A crucial aspiration is leveraging technology and innovation, enabling a productive business environment.
Innovative
ASEAN guidelines but no regulation ratified
Intraregional
ASEAN
Innovative
ASEAN and BRICS
Regulation of specific applications of AI
Innovative mainly but also restrictive (home to strongest pro-AI markets) and BRICS
AI-specific regulation being drafted. Government is adding AI-specific rules in the IT Act and a new forthcoming Digital India Act.
Case and modern governance
Digital Personal India Act
Innovative
AI-specific regulation being drafted.
Draft AI ethics guidelines released.
Organizational and case governance Research and
Indonesia’s AI strategy emphasis on healthcare AI and infrastructure
Restrictive (risk-based)
AI-specific regulation under development.
AI ethics principles available (i.e. Social Principles for Human-Centric AI).
Various AI guidelines released.
Leading international efforts through the Hiroshima AI Process (G7) and Hiroshima AI Process Friends Group (OECD).
Data and algorithm
Legally binding regulations, export controls of chips
Organizational and case (business and social principles)
National and regional
AI technologies are used to boost their economic growth
No regulation yet but The CIS has approved a draft model law to regulate the use of AI and Ethical Standards and State Regulation
Model governance (training and deployment of AI models) and organization
Innovative
Draft AI bill passed to final stage of voting. Various iterations of AI bills had been proposed in the past.
Law on ‘intelligent robots’ available.
Privacy law includes amendments around automated decision making systems (including those powered by AI).
Data
Federal R&D spending and safe deployment of R&D models
No regulation yet
Digital Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2023, comprehensive legal framework that codifies existing digital regulation (such as on personal data) and provides new norms to regulate the development and deployment of various digital technologies, including the regulation of AI.
AI ethics and governance guide available but no regulation
Innovation-based approach based on ASEAN
Risk-based approach
No AI-specific regulation yet.
AI ethics framework planned but not yet released.
Cyber Security Bill 2024
Data-driven policy
Attracting FDI investors from ASEAN and developing digital economy
Mongolia in the Digital Age: Mongolia’s national digital strategy which also covers AI.
Myanmar is developing a Digital Government Masterplan (2023-30) but no regulation
Data-driven
Attracting FDI
Draft bills on AI proposed but no regulation
More restrictive
Data-driven
Increase R&D
Case governance (politics and finance)
Comelec is set to come out with guidelines for the use of AI to promote the candidates in the May 2025 National and Local Elections (NLE) and deep fakes
National level
Gov. actors: body called the ‘Artificial Intelligence Development Authority’ (AIDA), which would be responsible for, among other things, developing national regulations
Innovative
No AI-specific regulation yet.
AI ethics framework, privacy guidelines, toolkit and regulatory sandbox available.
R&D spending, export controls
Organizational, case
Focus on synthetic data generation
No regulation
Innovative approach
but AI White paper on the prevailing challenges to AI’s rollout in Sri Lanka.
Data-driven
Focus on national entrepreneurship
Organizational (safety and privacy.)
Innovative
Draft AI law under consultation.
Regulatory sandboxes available for AI businesses relating to fintech and unmanned vehicles.
Computing, algorithm and data
National law on AI
Emphasis on control of microchips as world’s biggest producer
Case and organizational—drafting of the “Artificial Intelligence Fundamental Act” in June 2024 on the respect human rights and social stability.
Innovative
Draft law aiming to create uniform rules for managing public relations related to AI
Case and organizational
Common model rules rulemaking, ensuring safety in AI applications
Risk-based approach very similar the EU’s Draft AI Act,
Draft AI regulation in progress.
Draft royal decree on AI in progress.
Data
AI as a tool for R&D
Case and organizational Supporting sustainble
Development
bureaucracy
Risk-based approach
Draft model law to regulate the use of AI that aims to create uniform rules for managing public relations related to AI use
Data
AI as a tool for R&D
National
Governmental actors axis
Risk-based
2021 resolution to introduce a special regime for the use of AI technologies within the framework of experimental innovative research
Data
AI as a tool for R&D
National
Governmental actors axis
Innovative
Draft law on digital technology (covering AI) under public consultation.
Draft standards on AI available and under public consultation.
Data and algorithm
Export controls and federal spending on sector growth
Regional
ASEAN
Middle East, North Africa, and Greater Arabia
There are currently no specific AI laws in Afghanistan, and the development of such regulations does not seem to be a priority for the current
Innovative
Humans-right-centered approach to AI governance being promoted through various documentation ( blueprint, resolution and whitepaper) released by various agencies of the African Union.
White Paper released b follows the 2021 AI blueprint and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’
Data and computing
Export controls
Regional and international:
The African Union’s Executive session in July 2024,on “Continental Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy” and “African Digital Compact” and the Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy
And G7 in collaboration with UNDP
Risk-based
April 2024: approves comprehensive AI law
Data and algorithm:
Criminalizing AI that could lead to societal unrest or political disturbances, with imprisonment and extending liability to establishments
No AI-specific regulation yet.
AI ethics framework available.
Egyptian Charter for Responsible AI
National AI Strategy (2021)
Iran
Risk-based approach
Data-driven
Administrative support for the R&D and digital economy
Case and organizational: Iranian policy to use “intelligent systems” (e.g. facial recognition and surveillance technology) to enforce governmental laws.
Innovation
No regulation but national AI strategy for Intelligence (2023)
May 2024, minister called for social media Ai regulation
Data-driven
Export control
F&D spending
Case and organizational (data privacy, security, and transparency
Model governance: Desire to move towards international regulation for social media content and AI;
Iraq to become an important international telecommunications hub for AI comparable to the Suez Canal.
No AI-specific regulation yet.
2023 policy for AI regulation calls for sectoral regulation and a risk-based approach.
Data-driven
Sectoral regulation, soft’ regulatory tools intended to allow for an incremental development of the regulatory framework; and fostering cooperation between the public and private
Organisational and model
Israel Policy on AI: Regulation and Ethics (2023): focused on adopting sectoral regulation
Draft Bots Law (2022): which requires distributors of messages on large social networks Draft Regulation and Ethics Policy In the Field of Artificial Intelligence (2022)
Mainly national but could be become regional
Governmental and private actors
Jordan
Risk-based approach
No regulation yet but Jordan Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Implementation Plan 2023-2027
Data-driven
initiative to introduce the National AI Code of Ethics
Case and organizational focused on building a follow-up system for compliance with the ethics of AI, reviewing and updating the relevant legislative and regulatory environment.
Lebanon
No AI-specific regulation yet.
National AI Strategy in Lebanese Industry (2019)
Data and algorithm
Strong emphasis on cybersecurity
And basic regulatory frameworks in the government
Libya
Data and computing
Export controls
Data and computing
Export controls
No regulation
Future Opportunities for Artificial Intelligence Applications and Advanced Technologies in the Sultanate of Oman (2021)
Organizational for the ethical, fair and safe use of AI applications by reviewing and updating laws and policies through community privacy, governance of data collection
No regulation yet
May 2024
Qatar’s MCIT developing AI regulatory framework to address ethical and legal challenges
Data
Qatar seeks to attract international talents and attract FDI to build competency
No AI-specific regulation yet.
AI ethics framework available.
Innovative
[11 January 2024] Generative AI Guidelines published
Investing in R&DAI through Center for Media (AICOM) which monitors the impact of data and AI on media and support the media sector in its use of these technologies.
Case and model governance based on consumer protection
[25 April 2023] Amendments to Personal Data Protection Law
International cooperation
Saudi Arabia-UK roundtable on AI at the Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority headquarters in Riyadh
Somalia
Syria
No regulation
Few information
International framework
[24 March 2024] Syria joins China’s Global AI Governance Initiative
Tunisia
Innovative approach
Draft AI law introduced.
Proposed recommendations to reform privacy law relating to AI.
AI values and principles established under National Strategy.
[24 June 2024] Artifical Intelligence Law introduced
Data-centered
requirement for developers of AI systems to carry out risk assessments AI systems to be classified as high-risk and require further precautions.
Case and organizational:
security, transparency, fairness, accountability, and privacy
The United Arab Emirates
Innovation and risk-based approach
No AI-specific regulation yet. AI ethics available. Guidelines also available for public sector and financial services sector
Various AI guides and resources released by UAE government.
Data-centered
Implementing financial institutions for AI safety and research
Case and organizational:
UAE AI Council and a government law on the safe use of AI.
International presence
The UAE Government is one of the most proactive governments in the world on AI. In 2017, the UAE became the first country to appoint a Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence
There are currently no specific AI laws in Yemen. ongoing conflicts and political instability.
Europe
Albania
No national regulation, based on EU risk-based approach*
[17 May 2024] Council of Europe adopts first international treaty on artificial intelligence
[15 March 2024] Council of Europe finalises Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law Framework Convention
data-based
Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law
Mitigating future risks through institutions
Armenia
Risk-based approach
AI-specific law available (EU AI Act), which regulates AI systems across all sectors based on their risk categorisation (i.e. prohibited systems v high risk systems v other AI systems with transparency obligations). Draft directive on a liability regime for AI.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Croatia
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Lithuania
Macedonia
Moldova
Norway
Risk-based approach
As Norway is an EEA country, the EU AI Act is expected to eventually be implemented as Norwegian law, even though no formal decision or approval has been made.
No AI-specific regulation yet.
Regulatory sandbox established.
AI ethics framework available (under National Strategy).
Data-driven
Case and organizational—based on data privacy
First country to:
[31 May 2024] Nordic data protection authorities issue declaration on children’s data protection in gaming, AI, and administrative fines
Poland
Romania
No direct AI regulation yet
Regulatory sandboxes available.
AI ethics framework available.
Slovenia
Spain
Switzerland
Risk-based approach
No AI-specific regulation yet.
AI ethics guidelines available.
Data-driven
[21 June 2024] Swiss privacy regulator issues statement on the usage of data by Meta for AI training
[14 June 2024] Switzerland will extend neutrality to AI regulations, according to certain officials
Case and organizational: emphasis on privacy
The EDOB has issued a statement that Meta has agreed not to use data from adult users of Facebook and Instagram to train AI models.
International
The 2024 World Economic Forum meeting participation
Government- based:
the Federal Council has instructed Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy for regulation
Importance of neutrality for AI agreements
Ukraine
Risk-based
No AI-specific regulation yet. But regulation roadmap to be developed.
Guidelines available for use of AI in media.
[29 June 2024] The Ministry of Digital releases white paper on the future regulation of AI in Ukraine
Data-driven
AI in warfare emphasis
Case and organizational
The Ministry of Digital Transformation has published a roadmap for the regulation of AI in Ukraine and responsible of AI in media.
Governmental/ National
But if was to integrate the EU, could change
UK
No AI-specific regulation yet.
[14 July 2024] Starmer plans to introduce AI bill in King’s Speech
[13 June 2024] Labour commits to introducing AI regulation for tech giants
[30 May 2024] Artificial Intelligence (Regulation) Bill lapses as UK Parliament dissolves ahead of general election
Data-driven and computing
Attracting FDI and RD
International presence
Hosted Global AI Safety Summit (2023), establishing the Bletchley Declaration and UK AI Safety Institute.
North America
Risk-based approach
Draft AI bill introduced.
Various ongoing consultations into sector specific issues relating to AI (e.g. copyright, privacy, competition).
https://www.canada.ca/en/government/system/digital-government/digital-government-innovations/responsible-use-ai.html
Risk-based approach
Draft AI bill in progress.
[27 February 2024] Mexico Proposes Groundbreaking AI Regulation Bill Aligned with EU, Chile Models
[DRAFT] Law for the Ethical Regulation of Artificial Intelligence for the Mexican United States (2023)
Data-driven
Government in charge: ederal Telecommunications Institute (FTI) in charge of enforcing the act
Creating a National Artificial Intelligence Commission
Regional association: Intergovernmental Council on Artificial Intelligence for Latin America and the Caribbean declaration on AI signed:
Santiago Declaration to Promote Ethical Artificial Intelligence in Latin America and the Caribbean (2023)*
Declaration on AI in Public Administration approved.
Ibero-American Charter of Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration (2023)
Mostly risked-based approach but turning progressively towards innovative
Various federal laws, bills, executive orders and frameworks on AI have been passed or proposed (Executive Order 14110 (Nov 2023)
Federal level:
States have direct AI regulation, with the top 3 states (AI-related bills passed in 2023) being California, Virginia Maryland.
Data-driven and computing (strong emphasis on deep fakes)
Attracting FDI for progress
[16 July 2024] FCC chair proposes new tactics to crack down on AI-generated robocalls
Strong national emphasis (Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence (Executive Order 13859, 2019) but also partnerships with other organisations: EU and G7 members
Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights (2022)
[23 July 2024] Joint statement on competition in generative AI foundation models and AI products
Shift towards China partnerhsip?
Central America and the Carribean
Antigua and Barbuda
Still developping AI proposals and regulations
[7 June 2024] Antigua Government considers adopting EU style AI regulation
Barbados
Draft AI bill in progress.
[11 July 2023] Costa Rica uses ChatGPT to draft law to regulate AI
[DRAFT] Law Regulating Artificial Intelligence in Costa Rica (2023)
Regional association: Intergovernmental Council on Artificial Intelligence for Latin America and the Caribbean declaration on AI signed:
Santiago Declaration to Promote Ethical Artificial Intelligence in Latin America and the Caribbean (2023)***
Declaration on AI in Public Administration approved.
Ibero-American Charter of Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration (2023)
Cuba
Dominica
Guatemala
Honduras
Panama
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Latin America
No AI-specific regulation yet, though “less restrictive approach” has been suggested.
AI ethics guidelines available.
Bolivia
Draft AI bill in progress. Various iterations of AI bills had been proposed in the past.
[3 July 2024] Brazil’s National Consumer Secretariat starts investigation into Meta’s use of personal data for AI training
[2 July 2024] Brazil data protection authority suspends Meta’s AI privacy policy
Case: emphasis on security, privacy policy and organizational
[5 March 2024] Brazil defines rules for AI in elections
[10 June 2024] Brazil establishes AI working group:
Regional and international partnership
[14 June 2024] Brazil President calls for global AI regulations at G7 summit in Italy
Risk-based approach
Draft AI bill in progress.
Circular on AI & consumer protection available.
[7 May 2024] AI Bill introduced
[4 May 2024] Chile launches national AI policy and introduces AI bill following UNESCO´s recommendations
Organizational and case
Interpretative Circular on Consumer Protection Against the use of Artificial Intelligence Systems (2023)
Regional ***
Although national incentives
Colombia
Ecuador
Risk-based
Draft AI bill in progress.
[2 May 2024] Peru launches consultation into AI regulation (Law 31814)
[15 February 2024] Peru advances with EU-inspired AI regulation
Case governance: promoting social and economic strenght
Emergency Decree No. 007-2020 (2020): obligations, that public entities and private sector organisations promote and ensure the ethical use of digital technologies
Uruguay
Innovation
[6 July 2024] Uruguay releases recommendations on AI regulation
Agesic has presented a report with recommendations for regulating AI.
Data and algorithm
creating public databases to serve as training data for AI systems.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Data and computing
Export controls*
Botswana
Cape Verde
The Central African Republic
Comoros
Djibouti
Gabon
The Gambia
Guinea Bissau
Innovative approach
Draft bill on AI and robotics introduced.
[23 May 2024] United States-Kenya Joint Leaders’ Statement
[11 April 2024] Kenya’s ICT Minister outlines new digital ID and AI regulation plans
[29 November 2023] Kenya introduces bill on Robotics and AI society
Regional: [16 July 2024] EARFAI adopts Nairobi Statement: the countries of East Africa have adopted the Nairobi Statement on Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in Eastern Africa.It necessitates the approval of the African Union Continental Strategy on Artificial Intelligence
Based on the emphasis on leveraging AI for sustainable development in the region.
Liberia
Namibia
Niger
Rwanda
Seychelles
Case, organizational and model with focus on very specific sectors and themes
[11 May 2024] South Africa plans to regulate AI and misinformation
[6 May 2024] South Africa opens Africa’s first military-focused AI hub
[5 April 2024] Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies announces AI expert advisory council
Sudan
Tanzania
Risk-based
[8 May 2024] Tanzania authorities work on AI regulations: At its ‘AI Climate’ workshop, Tanzaniam authorities are developing regulations to manage AI adoption and management, addressing risks in AI-generated content.
Togo
Uganda
Innovative approach
[4 July 2024] GSR-24 Best Practice Guidelines (covering AI) released following ITU summit hosted in Uganda
[1 February 2024] Tayebwa calls for law on Artificial Intelligence
Innovative
[28 June 2024] Zambia progresses with AI strategy and ICT sector regulation amidst broader African technological advancements
Cyber Security and Cyber Crimes Act.
Data and computing
Establishing tools for high-risk AI use
National, interregional * African Union, and international with the European Union (EU) to develop a Startup Bill, which will further support technological innovation and entrepreneurship
Risk-based approach
[24 January 2024] Zimbabwe calls for AI-specific regulation: crafting of legislation that promotes the use of AI in the implementation of the nation’s “Institutional Strategic Plan
Data and computing
Establishing tools for high-risk AI use
No AI-specific regulation yet.
National AI strategy under development.
[22 May 2024] Nigeria set to unveil national framework to regulate use of AI
[16 March 2024] NCC advocates responsible AI to guarantee consumer rights
Australia and Oceania
No AI-specific regulation yet.
The Australian Government has announced it will look to regulate high risk AI applications via voluntary guardrails.
Various law reforms in other specific areas (e.g. privacy, online safety) will also incidentally address AI.
AI ethics framework available (federal level). A comprehensive AI assurance framework available at NSW level.
Fiji
No AI-specific regulation yet.
Algorithm Charter available.
[3 April 2024] NZ Privacy Commissioner wants privacy laws tightened to cover biometrics and AI
[29 January 2024] New Zealand government looking to get up to speed on AI regulation