This is a good point about the CGD paper I believe, though to some extent it’s based on whether to look at overall flows rather than flows specifically to the UK. I think you make a strong case that it’s best to look at overall flows, and show issues with the WHO per capita data. However, I don’t think this gets anywhere near actually solving whether or not this can be a “win-win” for both countries. It is easily possible that nurse emigration, despite lowering the supply of nurses in Nigeria, can still be a win-win due to remittances. There is abundant evidence that remittances promote financial development and long-term economic growth. In order to determine whether or not this emmigration is a net benefit for both countries, one would have to take into account:
The benefit that the nurse gives in Nigeria.
The benefit the nurse gives in the UK.
The benefit to Nigeria from remittances the nurse sends back.
Any long-term effects that might come from having talented Nigerians leave for the UK, and long-term effects a nurse shortage could have in Nigeria.
To me, this seems like a complicated question that would take many hours of research to reach a satisfactory conclusion to.
Thanks those are good points and I agree a deeper analysis would be needed to see if the emigration was “overall” a win-win. My intuition though is that the effect of the huge nurse deficit on Nigerian healthcare though would likleyly take a LOT of remittance benefit to overcome the kind of problems we are seeing in Nigerian hospitals, and stalled improvement in Nigerian Healthcare. Also I think your second criteria “The benefit the nurse gives in the UK” would be so small as to be almost negligible compared to the remittance benefits and the nurse leaving harms
I also think with this high-skill emigration in these kind of analysis, some negative factors aren’t often considered, which kind of fall under your “no.4” criteria.
1. Leadership and expertise vacuums when there is mass emigration. Often the best and most enterprising people leave both because they are most enterprising and more likely to apply to leave and because they are more likely to be accepted because of their ability/grades. This can leave leadership gaps which have more profound (and harder to measure) effects than just one nurse leaving.
2. Potential drops in population Wellbeing for remaining Nigerians due to “remainer dissatisfaction.” Talking to some West Africans I have felt this deep dissatisfaction whern they know friends who have left and done better, while they still remain. This can feel quite unpleasant. In Uganda where I live, mass emigration is not yet a reality so there’s little of that kind of dissatisfaction. Note I think this is just a theory of mine/others without real evidence so take with a grain of salt.
Specifically here though I’m taking the paper on its own terms. Its criteria for the “win-win” from a Nigerian perspective seems to involve Nigerian nurse numbers not reducing, so I don’t explore the issue more.
Absolutely agreed that factor 2 that I mentioned might be insubstantial, but I felt the need to mention it just in case it ended up being greater than I expected. My intuition on this issue is somewhat different than yours, and my guess is that the two largest factors (remittances and direct effects on Nigeria through less nurses) are going to roughly balance out, and that it’s going to depend on the other issues which I placed under factor 4.
You mention two of the indirect (factor 4) impacts I was thinking of, but there’s definitely a lot of that kind of impact which is difficult to measure.
On its own terms as you discuss it, I absolutely agree that the original article is flawed. It’s certainly the case that the issue nowhere near as straightforward as the paper’s authors would have you believe. However, the question of the overall cost-benefit is also an important one, and also worth examining. I’m going to start working on a basic model, and I’ll post here (and maybe in a separate post as well) once I’ve completed it to a level I’m content with. The overall issue at work here, of brain drain vs. remittances appears to me to be a very important issue in global development, with this being an example where the costs of brain drain appears higher than usual. If the effect of remittances is powerful enough to outweigh brain drain even in this case, it could have broader impacts in terms of immigration as a net QALY increase.
There already does appear to be some evidence towards an effect of “brain gain” where even medical immigration appears to improve net wellbeing through remittances, as seen in the example of the Philippines here, but it’s a complex issue, and the medical situation in the Philippines is different from the situation in Nigeria.
Love this, and super keen to see your model! Some of these things might be nigh on impossible to quantify, but its more than worth a go. I wonder if anyone has tried already (Openphil / CE / RP?) I think a separate post would be a great idea for that, as this is quite an important issue and if you’ve gone through the effort to make a model like that I think there’s easily enough importance/interest there for a fresh post.
Just adding that I would also be keen to see this model. At AIM, we haven’t done any detailed modeling of skilled migration, but if/when we do look into it, quantifying these sorts of tradeoffs will be one of our key considerations.
This is a good point about the CGD paper I believe, though to some extent it’s based on whether to look at overall flows rather than flows specifically to the UK. I think you make a strong case that it’s best to look at overall flows, and show issues with the WHO per capita data. However, I don’t think this gets anywhere near actually solving whether or not this can be a “win-win” for both countries. It is easily possible that nurse emigration, despite lowering the supply of nurses in Nigeria, can still be a win-win due to remittances. There is abundant evidence that remittances promote financial development and long-term economic growth. In order to determine whether or not this emmigration is a net benefit for both countries, one would have to take into account:
The benefit that the nurse gives in Nigeria.
The benefit the nurse gives in the UK.
The benefit to Nigeria from remittances the nurse sends back.
Any long-term effects that might come from having talented Nigerians leave for the
UK, and long-term effects a nurse shortage could have in Nigeria.
To me, this seems like a complicated question that would take many hours of research to reach a satisfactory conclusion to.
Thanks those are good points and I agree a deeper analysis would be needed to see if the emigration was “overall” a win-win. My intuition though is that the effect of the huge nurse deficit on Nigerian healthcare though would likleyly take a LOT of remittance benefit to overcome the kind of problems we are seeing in Nigerian hospitals, and stalled improvement in Nigerian Healthcare. Also I think your second criteria “The benefit the nurse gives in the UK” would be so small as to be almost negligible compared to the remittance benefits and the nurse leaving harms
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/aug/14/africa-health-worker-brain-drain-acc
I also think with this high-skill emigration in these kind of analysis, some negative factors aren’t often considered, which kind of fall under your “no.4” criteria.
1. Leadership and expertise vacuums when there is mass emigration. Often the best and most enterprising people leave both because they are most enterprising and more likely to apply to leave and because they are more likely to be accepted because of their ability/grades. This can leave leadership gaps which have more profound (and harder to measure) effects than just one nurse leaving.
2. Potential drops in population Wellbeing for remaining Nigerians due to “remainer dissatisfaction.” Talking to some West Africans I have felt this deep dissatisfaction whern they know friends who have left and done better, while they still remain. This can feel quite unpleasant. In Uganda where I live, mass emigration is not yet a reality so there’s little of that kind of dissatisfaction. Note I think this is just a theory of mine/others without real evidence so take with a grain of salt.
Specifically here though I’m taking the paper on its own terms. Its criteria for the “win-win” from a Nigerian perspective seems to involve Nigerian nurse numbers not reducing, so I don’t explore the issue more.
Absolutely agreed that factor 2 that I mentioned might be insubstantial, but I felt the need to mention it just in case it ended up being greater than I expected. My intuition on this issue is somewhat different than yours, and my guess is that the two largest factors (remittances and direct effects on Nigeria through less nurses) are going to roughly balance out, and that it’s going to depend on the other issues which I placed under factor 4.
You mention two of the indirect (factor 4) impacts I was thinking of, but there’s definitely a lot of that kind of impact which is difficult to measure.
On its own terms as you discuss it, I absolutely agree that the original article is flawed. It’s certainly the case that the issue nowhere near as straightforward as the paper’s authors would have you believe. However, the question of the overall cost-benefit is also an important one, and also worth examining. I’m going to start working on a basic model, and I’ll post here (and maybe in a separate post as well) once I’ve completed it to a level I’m content with. The overall issue at work here, of brain drain vs. remittances appears to me to be a very important issue in global development, with this being an example where the costs of brain drain appears higher than usual. If the effect of remittances is powerful enough to outweigh brain drain even in this case, it could have broader impacts in terms of immigration as a net QALY increase.
There already does appear to be some evidence towards an effect of “brain gain” where even medical immigration appears to improve net wellbeing through remittances, as seen in the example of the Philippines here, but it’s a complex issue, and the medical situation in the Philippines is different from the situation in Nigeria.
Love this, and super keen to see your model! Some of these things might be nigh on impossible to quantify, but its more than worth a go. I wonder if anyone has tried already (Openphil / CE / RP?) I think a separate post would be a great idea for that, as this is quite an important issue and if you’ve gone through the effort to make a model like that I think there’s easily enough importance/interest there for a fresh post.
Just adding that I would also be keen to see this model. At AIM, we haven’t done any detailed modeling of skilled migration, but if/when we do look into it, quantifying these sorts of tradeoffs will be one of our key considerations.