I think itâs valuable to ask the question of whether this shift is net positive or negative for Nigeria overall, and your basic criticism of the article seems correct to me.
Though, in a global political context that is often hostile to immigration, I often find myself wanting discussion of the harms of emigration to acknowledge the harms to the potential migrants of preventing it. Even if we conclude this situation is overall net harmful for Nigeria, it feels unfair to tell potential migrants that they may not (or even should not) pursue a better quality of life that would otherwise be available to them, that this problem is their responsibility to endure sacrifice to solve.
Thanks so much for raising this, I sometimes get a bit overwhelmed by guilt thinking how unfairly amazing my life has been, I won the life lottery in so many ways
I think there are so many layers of unfairness here that it can be hard to factor it into decision making . Like you say itâs horribly unfair that these nurses canât migrate for far better jobs when many high income nurses freely move around the world for marginally better working conditions.
But Itâs at least as unfair that millions of poor subsistence farmer patients are now more likely to suffer and die because of the worse medical care caused by the exodus of their more well off nurse compatriots, who had the opportunity to leave for greener pastures.
And Itâs horribly unfair that most Nigerians didnât have the opportunity that these nurses had to study and get a decent job in their own country. Millions would even have got good enough grades but at some point didnât have yet money to continue. just by becoming a nurse you are always in the luckiest few percent of Nigerians.
Its also unfair that many Nigerian lower skilled workers who are more badly off than Nigerian nurses as canât migrate to countries that could benefit hugely from their labor.
Itâs unfair for most Nigerians that they were born there and not in England in the first place. Terrible luck but we donât usually try and remedy that in any way unless we are Give Directly or similar.
Thinking about fairness/âunfairness really makes my head spin and I would be interested if anyone had a way of thinking about this that could help guide this kind of decision. I find it hard to sort through so usually revert back to benefits and harms frameworks.
It seems to me that if there are not enough nurses in Nigeria, and too many in the UK, then the problem is as much due to a failure of people from the UK to move to Nigeria and work as nurses there as it is due to the movement of people from Nigeria to the UK to work as nurses there. Forcing people who happen to be Nigerian to work in Nigeria for low wages (indirectly, through migration laws) is as bad as forcing people who happen to be from the UK to work in Nigeria for low wages.
Paraphrasing Bryan Caplan: Imagine that a nurse from the UK goes to Nigeria for a holiday. Then, when they try to get on the plane back to the UK, theyâre told that because of concern about the nursing shortage in Nigeria, the British government has stripped them of their right to live and work in the UK; however, theyâre free to live and work as a nurse in Nigeria.
I donât think we should treat UK nurses like that, and I donât think we should treat people differently just because they happen to have been born in a different place (possibly especially when that different place is much poorer anyway), so that tells me that we shouldnât treat Nigerian nurses like that either.
This is possibly a little provocative, but Iâd be interested to know whether people who support removing migration options for Nigerian nurses in order to âencourageâ them to work as nurses in Nigeria would also support forcing nurses from the UK to work as nurses in Nigeria (and to earn a Nigerian nurseâs wage and live a Nigerian nurseâs lifestyle). If itâs not ok to force UK nurses to live like that, what makes it ok to force Nigerian nurses to live like that?
(Iâm not sure how that comment comes across. I get very emotional when I talk about this topic.)
Another consideration: you have to be careful using the country as a unit of analysis when international migration is involved. For example, if someone with an income of $10 a day in Nigeria moves from Nigeria to the UK, finds a job, and ends up with an income of $40 a day, then the average income in Nigeria has decreased and the average income in the UK has decreased. But the average income of the whole group of peopleâboth people from Nigeria and people from the UK, considered together and regardless of which of the two countries they currently live inâhas increased. (You could also just think about the average income of Nigerians, as opposed to the average income of Nigeria. This is the concept of income per natural, as developed by Michael Clemens and Lant Pritchett. See here.)
I think itâs valuable to ask the question of whether this shift is net positive or negative for Nigeria overall, and your basic criticism of the article seems correct to me.
Though, in a global political context that is often hostile to immigration, I often find myself wanting discussion of the harms of emigration to acknowledge the harms to the potential migrants of preventing it. Even if we conclude this situation is overall net harmful for Nigeria, it feels unfair to tell potential migrants that they may not (or even should not) pursue a better quality of life that would otherwise be available to them, that this problem is their responsibility to endure sacrifice to solve.
Thanks so much for raising this, I sometimes get a bit overwhelmed by guilt thinking how unfairly amazing my life has been, I won the life lottery in so many ways
I think there are so many layers of unfairness here that it can be hard to factor it into decision making . Like you say itâs horribly unfair that these nurses canât migrate for far better jobs when many high income nurses freely move around the world for marginally better working conditions.
But Itâs at least as unfair that millions of poor subsistence farmer patients are now more likely to suffer and die because of the worse medical care caused by the exodus of their more well off nurse compatriots, who had the opportunity to leave for greener pastures.
And Itâs horribly unfair that most Nigerians didnât have the opportunity that these nurses had to study and get a decent job in their own country. Millions would even have got good enough grades but at some point didnât have yet money to continue. just by becoming a nurse you are always in the luckiest few percent of Nigerians.
Its also unfair that many Nigerian lower skilled workers who are more badly off than Nigerian nurses as canât migrate to countries that could benefit hugely from their labor.
Itâs unfair for most Nigerians that they were born there and not in England in the first place. Terrible luck but we donât usually try and remedy that in any way unless we are Give Directly or similar.
Thinking about fairness/âunfairness really makes my head spin and I would be interested if anyone had a way of thinking about this that could help guide this kind of decision. I find it hard to sort through so usually revert back to benefits and harms frameworks.
For me it helps to swap nationalities around.
It seems to me that if there are not enough nurses in Nigeria, and too many in the UK, then the problem is as much due to a failure of people from the UK to move to Nigeria and work as nurses there as it is due to the movement of people from Nigeria to the UK to work as nurses there. Forcing people who happen to be Nigerian to work in Nigeria for low wages (indirectly, through migration laws) is as bad as forcing people who happen to be from the UK to work in Nigeria for low wages.
Paraphrasing Bryan Caplan: Imagine that a nurse from the UK goes to Nigeria for a holiday. Then, when they try to get on the plane back to the UK, theyâre told that because of concern about the nursing shortage in Nigeria, the British government has stripped them of their right to live and work in the UK; however, theyâre free to live and work as a nurse in Nigeria.
I donât think we should treat UK nurses like that, and I donât think we should treat people differently just because they happen to have been born in a different place (possibly especially when that different place is much poorer anyway), so that tells me that we shouldnât treat Nigerian nurses like that either.
This is possibly a little provocative, but Iâd be interested to know whether people who support removing migration options for Nigerian nurses in order to âencourageâ them to work as nurses in Nigeria would also support forcing nurses from the UK to work as nurses in Nigeria (and to earn a Nigerian nurseâs wage and live a Nigerian nurseâs lifestyle). If itâs not ok to force UK nurses to live like that, what makes it ok to force Nigerian nurses to live like that?
(Iâm not sure how that comment comes across. I get very emotional when I talk about this topic.)
Another consideration: you have to be careful using the country as a unit of analysis when international migration is involved. For example, if someone with an income of $10 a day in Nigeria moves from Nigeria to the UK, finds a job, and ends up with an income of $40 a day, then the average income in Nigeria has decreased and the average income in the UK has decreased. But the average income of the whole group of peopleâboth people from Nigeria and people from the UK, considered together and regardless of which of the two countries they currently live inâhas increased. (You could also just think about the average income of Nigerians, as opposed to the average income of Nigeria. This is the concept of income per natural, as developed by Michael Clemens and Lant Pritchett. See here.)