In this post, I introduce an ongoing research project with the aim of bringing effective giving to a wider range of altruists. The strategy combines 1) donation bundling (splitting between your favorite and an effective charity), 2) asymmetrical matching (offering higher matching rates for allocating more to an effective charity), 3) a form of donor coordination (to provide the matching). After conducting a series of experiments, we will test our strategy in the real-world using our new website GivingMultiplier.org. This project is a collaboration with Prof Joshua Greene and is supported by an EA Funds grant.
Background
It is difficult to motivate people to give more effectively. Presenting people with information about charity effectiveness can increase effective giving to some extent (Caviola, Schubert, et al., 2020a; 2020b). However, the effect is limited because most people prefer to give to their favorite charity even when they know that other charities are more effective (Berman et al., 2018). This is because people are motivated by ‘warm glow’ of giving (Andreoni, 1990), which isn’t a good proxy for effectiveness. Another issue is that most people aren’t motivated to proactively seek out information about the most effective charities. But making people care more about effectiveness is difficult. In multiple studies I have found that presenting people with moral arguments makes little to no difference. (Though moral arguments might work for some people and under the right circumstances, cf. Lindauer et al., 2020; Schwitzgebel et al., 2020.) Therefore, the approach we take here is to work with people’s preferences instead of trying to change them.
The strategy
Below is a short summary of the set of techniques our strategy relies on. In our experiments, 2,000 (Amazon MechanicalTurk) participants made probabilistically implemented decisions involving real money. If you are interested in more details about our studies and results, you can find an early working draft here.
1) Donation bundling
We found that donations to effective charities can be increased by up to 75% when people are offered the option to split their donation between their favorite and a highly effective charity (Study 1). We call this technique donation bundling. Most donors find such bundle options appealing because they enjoy nearly all the warm-glow of giving exclusively to their favorite charity, but also gain the satisfaction of giving more effectively and fairly (Study 2). Likewise, we find that third-parties perceive bundle donors as both highly warm and highly competent, as compared to donors who give exclusively to an emotionally appealing charity (warm, but less competent) or exclusively to a highly effective charity (competent, but less warm) (Study 3).
2) Asymmetrical matching
The bundling technique can be enhanced by offering matching funds in an asymmetrical way, i.e. the matching rate increases as more is allocated to the effective charity. In our studies, participants were offered higher matching rates, the more they would give to the effective charity as opposed to their favorite charity. For example, they might get a 10% matching rate for giving 50% to their favorite and 50% to the effective charity, but a 20% matching rate for giving 100% to the effective charity. We found that asymmetrical matching can increase donations to effective charities by an additional 55% (Study 4). A key advantage of offering donation matching is that it provides people with no prior interest in effective giving to visit the site and choose to support a highly effective charity.
3) Matching as donor coordination
Where does the matching funding come from? We have some initial matching funding from our EA Funds grant and hope that more EA donors are willing to provide matching funding. However, it may also be possible that our donation system could become financially self-sustaining by coordinating the actions of donors with differing priorities.
Some donors want to give exclusively to a personally meaningful charity, even if other charities have higher cost-effectiveness. Some donors—effective altruists—simply want to maximize their impact and are willing to support whichever charities have the best chance of doing the most good. Still other donors (ca. half of participants in our studies) have mixed preferences and want to support both kinds of charities. Donors who are focused on effectiveness—whether completely or partially—can voluntarily supply matching funds. This multiplies their own impact by incentivizing other donors to make more effective donations. And other donors can benefit from these provided matching funds, by enjoying the benefits of bundled giving while having their altruistic impact amplified.
To test this, we offered participants in our studies the option to provide the part of their donation that they had allocated to the effective charity into the matching system instead. Participants were informed that this part of their donation would then not be matched but would instead be used to match other people’s donations, thereby leading to a greater indirect impact. A third of participants chose the option to support the matching system, which left us with a four-fold surplus of matching funds (Study 5). (Note that any matching surplus can eventually be donated to effective charities.) If these results hold up with donors in the real world, the matching system could be financially self-sustaining. But even if it can’t be sustained entirely by users who choose to become “micro-matchers”, this could greatly reduce the need for larger donations from EA philanthropists.
GivingMultiplier: testing it in the field
Our research tells us that many people—perhaps most—like the idea of supporting effective charities. They just don’t like the idea of giving up on the charities that they love. But there is no reason why most donors can’t also be effective donors. Even if just a small proportion of donors were to give a part of their donation to highly effective charities, this could have a big impact. In the US alone, more than $450 billion are donated to charity each year—most of it goes to charities that aren’t considered particularly effective according to experts. And our experiments suggest that non-EA participants who use our donation system give more than half of their donations to effective charities.
We now want to test whether our strategy can work in the real world. For that purpose, we have created a GivingMultiplier.org — an online donation platform that applies our techniques. Everyone (including you) can make donations to any US charity and get their donations matched with a rate between (currently) 2-20%. Donors have to give at least 10% to one of our recommended effective charities. The matching rate becomes higher, the more you allocate to an effective charity. This should be an appealing deal for most donors. Everyone likes their donations to be matched and most people are open to the idea of giving at least some part of their donation to a highly effective charity.
Our plan is to keep the website running for a few months and assess its impact. That is, we measure how much the website can counterfactually direct to highly effective charities. And we measure whether the matching system can be financially self-sustaining, i.e., whether the provided matching funds (provided by both non-EA and EA donors) can cover the required funds to match donations by others.
How you can help
Provide feedback
Any sort of critical feedback about the techniques, the studies and the website would be much appreciated. You can comment here or send me an email (lcaviola@fas.harvard.edu).
Help to spread the website
We’d like to get as many donors as possible during the next few weeks and months, especially for the coming giving season. We therefore need to market the website as widely as possible.
You can help us by telling your friends and family members about the website and asking them to make a donation. If you’d like, share it on social media and other channels. After all, this may be the first time you can tell people about EA without making them feel bad for giving to their favorite charity!
If you’d like, please consider making a donation yourself. We ask users a few follow-up questions after they’ve made their donation, including whether they are EAs or not. Therefore, you won’t mess up our results if you make a donation. In fact, it would be very helpful to get EAs to donate and support our matching system.
My plan is to reach out to organizations and well-known EAs to share it via their channels. I’m also looking for ways to get celebrities to endorse our website and newspapers to cover it. Please let me know if you know people who could help make the website go viral or if you have other marketing ideas.
Future plans
This is primarily a research project. We will keep the website running for a few months and then publish an academic paper about the findings. We believe that this could trigger more research focused on developing interventions to increase effective giving.
If the strategy works well, I hope that our techniques could be integrated into existing donation platforms. Our website could then be continued or merged with platforms.
FAQs
Can the donation system be exploited? The donation system cannot be exploited by people who simply try to maximize donations to their favorite charity. This is because the amounts required to match donations to people’s favorite charities are always lower than the amounts that donors give to effective charities. Therefore, the matching system is a safe investment for EAs—each dollar donated into the matching system generates two or more dollars for effective charities (provided the typical user on our website would not have donated to effective charities anyway).
Why don’t you offer higher matching rates? We might increase the matching rates (currently 2-20%) if we observe that enough donors are willing to support the matching system, leaving us with a robust matching funds surplus. Greater matching rates could help to attract more donors.
What about other matching systems? One reason a donor might not be interested in using our system is if they get a higher matching rate somewhere else. For instance, some employers offer to match donations of their employees. But as far as we know, these matching offers don’t always apply to donations toany charity. And it would be great to get large employers to apply our techniques to increase donations to highly effective charities.
Is the matching system honest? Some matching systems have been criticized because the provider of the matching funds would have donated to the charity in question anyway. Therefore, donors don’t really have the added impact that they believed they had with their matched donations. We believe that our matching system doesn’t have this same issue. Our donors do have an added impact when using our website. This is because with their donation they will influence to which specific charities the added amounts provided by the matching funder go to. It is true that the matching funder would have donated to an effective charity anyway. But the matching funder would not have donated to the donor’s favorite charity and it’s unlikely that they would have donated to precisely the same effective charity that the donor has chosen. We also try to explain to users how our system works to ensure they understand its logic.
Why don’t you list more effective charities? We currently list nine highly effective charities of which users have to choose one. It’s difficult to decide which charities to list. We wanted to go with a small balanced portfolio of EA charities that won’t be perceived as too weird for outsiders. It will be easy to extend the list with additional charities later on. Note that in some preliminary studies I found no significant differences in amounts given to effective charities depending on whether they focused on global poverty, animal welfare or existential risk.
How are the donations processed? All donations are processed and forwarded by every.org. They are a platform to connect donors and nonprofits and have an option that allows for fee-free donations to any US charity. They have been incredibly helpful in setting up our donation infrastructure!
More information can be found on our FAQ page on the website.
A new strategy for broadening the appeal of effective giving (GivingMultiplier.org)
In this post, I introduce an ongoing research project with the aim of bringing effective giving to a wider range of altruists. The strategy combines 1) donation bundling (splitting between your favorite and an effective charity), 2) asymmetrical matching (offering higher matching rates for allocating more to an effective charity), 3) a form of donor coordination (to provide the matching). After conducting a series of experiments, we will test our strategy in the real-world using our new website GivingMultiplier.org. This project is a collaboration with Prof Joshua Greene and is supported by an EA Funds grant.
Background
It is difficult to motivate people to give more effectively. Presenting people with information about charity effectiveness can increase effective giving to some extent (Caviola, Schubert, et al., 2020a; 2020b). However, the effect is limited because most people prefer to give to their favorite charity even when they know that other charities are more effective (Berman et al., 2018). This is because people are motivated by ‘warm glow’ of giving (Andreoni, 1990), which isn’t a good proxy for effectiveness. Another issue is that most people aren’t motivated to proactively seek out information about the most effective charities. But making people care more about effectiveness is difficult. In multiple studies I have found that presenting people with moral arguments makes little to no difference. (Though moral arguments might work for some people and under the right circumstances, cf. Lindauer et al., 2020; Schwitzgebel et al., 2020.) Therefore, the approach we take here is to work with people’s preferences instead of trying to change them.
The strategy
Below is a short summary of the set of techniques our strategy relies on. In our experiments, 2,000 (Amazon MechanicalTurk) participants made probabilistically implemented decisions involving real money. If you are interested in more details about our studies and results, you can find an early working draft here.
1) Donation bundling
We found that donations to effective charities can be increased by up to 75% when people are offered the option to split their donation between their favorite and a highly effective charity (Study 1). We call this technique donation bundling. Most donors find such bundle options appealing because they enjoy nearly all the warm-glow of giving exclusively to their favorite charity, but also gain the satisfaction of giving more effectively and fairly (Study 2). Likewise, we find that third-parties perceive bundle donors as both highly warm and highly competent, as compared to donors who give exclusively to an emotionally appealing charity (warm, but less competent) or exclusively to a highly effective charity (competent, but less warm) (Study 3).
2) Asymmetrical matching
The bundling technique can be enhanced by offering matching funds in an asymmetrical way, i.e. the matching rate increases as more is allocated to the effective charity. In our studies, participants were offered higher matching rates, the more they would give to the effective charity as opposed to their favorite charity. For example, they might get a 10% matching rate for giving 50% to their favorite and 50% to the effective charity, but a 20% matching rate for giving 100% to the effective charity. We found that asymmetrical matching can increase donations to effective charities by an additional 55% (Study 4). A key advantage of offering donation matching is that it provides people with no prior interest in effective giving to visit the site and choose to support a highly effective charity.
3) Matching as donor coordination
Where does the matching funding come from? We have some initial matching funding from our EA Funds grant and hope that more EA donors are willing to provide matching funding. However, it may also be possible that our donation system could become financially self-sustaining by coordinating the actions of donors with differing priorities.
Some donors want to give exclusively to a personally meaningful charity, even if other charities have higher cost-effectiveness. Some donors—effective altruists—simply want to maximize their impact and are willing to support whichever charities have the best chance of doing the most good. Still other donors (ca. half of participants in our studies) have mixed preferences and want to support both kinds of charities. Donors who are focused on effectiveness—whether completely or partially—can voluntarily supply matching funds. This multiplies their own impact by incentivizing other donors to make more effective donations. And other donors can benefit from these provided matching funds, by enjoying the benefits of bundled giving while having their altruistic impact amplified.
To test this, we offered participants in our studies the option to provide the part of their donation that they had allocated to the effective charity into the matching system instead. Participants were informed that this part of their donation would then not be matched but would instead be used to match other people’s donations, thereby leading to a greater indirect impact. A third of participants chose the option to support the matching system, which left us with a four-fold surplus of matching funds (Study 5). (Note that any matching surplus can eventually be donated to effective charities.) If these results hold up with donors in the real world, the matching system could be financially self-sustaining. But even if it can’t be sustained entirely by users who choose to become “micro-matchers”, this could greatly reduce the need for larger donations from EA philanthropists.
GivingMultiplier: testing it in the field
Our research tells us that many people—perhaps most—like the idea of supporting effective charities. They just don’t like the idea of giving up on the charities that they love. But there is no reason why most donors can’t also be effective donors. Even if just a small proportion of donors were to give a part of their donation to highly effective charities, this could have a big impact. In the US alone, more than $450 billion are donated to charity each year—most of it goes to charities that aren’t considered particularly effective according to experts. And our experiments suggest that non-EA participants who use our donation system give more than half of their donations to effective charities.
We now want to test whether our strategy can work in the real world. For that purpose, we have created a GivingMultiplier.org — an online donation platform that applies our techniques. Everyone (including you) can make donations to any US charity and get their donations matched with a rate between (currently) 2-20%. Donors have to give at least 10% to one of our recommended effective charities. The matching rate becomes higher, the more you allocate to an effective charity. This should be an appealing deal for most donors. Everyone likes their donations to be matched and most people are open to the idea of giving at least some part of their donation to a highly effective charity.
Our plan is to keep the website running for a few months and assess its impact. That is, we measure how much the website can counterfactually direct to highly effective charities. And we measure whether the matching system can be financially self-sustaining, i.e., whether the provided matching funds (provided by both non-EA and EA donors) can cover the required funds to match donations by others.
How you can help
Provide feedback
Any sort of critical feedback about the techniques, the studies and the website would be much appreciated. You can comment here or send me an email (lcaviola@fas.harvard.edu).
Help to spread the website
We’d like to get as many donors as possible during the next few weeks and months, especially for the coming giving season. We therefore need to market the website as widely as possible.
You can help us by telling your friends and family members about the website and asking them to make a donation. If you’d like, share it on social media and other channels. After all, this may be the first time you can tell people about EA without making them feel bad for giving to their favorite charity!
If you’d like, please consider making a donation yourself. We ask users a few follow-up questions after they’ve made their donation, including whether they are EAs or not. Therefore, you won’t mess up our results if you make a donation. In fact, it would be very helpful to get EAs to donate and support our matching system.
My plan is to reach out to organizations and well-known EAs to share it via their channels. I’m also looking for ways to get celebrities to endorse our website and newspapers to cover it. Please let me know if you know people who could help make the website go viral or if you have other marketing ideas.
Future plans
This is primarily a research project. We will keep the website running for a few months and then publish an academic paper about the findings. We believe that this could trigger more research focused on developing interventions to increase effective giving.
If the strategy works well, I hope that our techniques could be integrated into existing donation platforms. Our website could then be continued or merged with platforms.
FAQs
Can the donation system be exploited?
The donation system cannot be exploited by people who simply try to maximize donations to their favorite charity. This is because the amounts required to match donations to people’s favorite charities are always lower than the amounts that donors give to effective charities. Therefore, the matching system is a safe investment for EAs—each dollar donated into the matching system generates two or more dollars for effective charities (provided the typical user on our website would not have donated to effective charities anyway).
Why don’t you offer higher matching rates?
We might increase the matching rates (currently 2-20%) if we observe that enough donors are willing to support the matching system, leaving us with a robust matching funds surplus. Greater matching rates could help to attract more donors.
What about other matching systems?
One reason a donor might not be interested in using our system is if they get a higher matching rate somewhere else. For instance, some employers offer to match donations of their employees. But as far as we know, these matching offers don’t always apply to donations to any charity. And it would be great to get large employers to apply our techniques to increase donations to highly effective charities.
Is the matching system honest?
Some matching systems have been criticized because the provider of the matching funds would have donated to the charity in question anyway. Therefore, donors don’t really have the added impact that they believed they had with their matched donations. We believe that our matching system doesn’t have this same issue. Our donors do have an added impact when using our website. This is because with their donation they will influence to which specific charities the added amounts provided by the matching funder go to. It is true that the matching funder would have donated to an effective charity anyway. But the matching funder would not have donated to the donor’s favorite charity and it’s unlikely that they would have donated to precisely the same effective charity that the donor has chosen. We also try to explain to users how our system works to ensure they understand its logic.
Why don’t you list more effective charities?
We currently list nine highly effective charities of which users have to choose one. It’s difficult to decide which charities to list. We wanted to go with a small balanced portfolio of EA charities that won’t be perceived as too weird for outsiders. It will be easy to extend the list with additional charities later on. Note that in some preliminary studies I found no significant differences in amounts given to effective charities depending on whether they focused on global poverty, animal welfare or existential risk.
How are the donations processed?
All donations are processed and forwarded by every.org. They are a platform to connect donors and nonprofits and have an option that allows for fee-free donations to any US charity. They have been incredibly helpful in setting up our donation infrastructure!
More information can be found on our FAQ page on the website.