>Do these interventions lead to a permanent reduction in family size, or a temporary one?
Note that even if total number of children ends up the same, there are benefits to spacing children by at least 18 months in terms of health (mother has more chance to recover between pregnancies, mother and baby are better nourished, better care for older siblings). Families may also be able to better afford to educate children who are more widely spaced.
This isn’t relevant to all the impacts, you list, though — still worth thinking about those separately!
Love this topic!
>Do these interventions lead to a permanent reduction in family size, or a temporary one?
Note that even if total number of children ends up the same, there are benefits to spacing children by at least 18 months in terms of health (mother has more chance to recover between pregnancies, mother and baby are better nourished, better care for older siblings). Families may also be able to better afford to educate children who are more widely spaced.
This isn’t relevant to all the impacts, you list, though — still worth thinking about those separately!