Epistemic status: Very uncertain about my estimates of numerical values but pretty certain that proposed way of calculating relative x-risk value is useful. Been thinking about this for a while but wrote it quickly.
Summary
In short:
We can divide x-risk by how bounded it is into three categories:
Human-bounded x-risk kills all humans but leaves at least some life on Earth
Earth-bounded x-risk kills all life on Earth but doesn’t spread to other parts of the universe
Unbounded x-risk spreads through the universe and sterilizes it of any potential value
These categories could have very high differences in importance per unit of probability because:
Human-bounded x-risk leaves the possibility of other Earth life becoming intelligent and optimizing the universe
Earth-bounded x-risk leaves the possibility of intelligent life originating on other planets in our light cone and optimizing the universe
As the new intelligent life becomes less similar to humans, we lose the ability to predict how much their values would align with ours, or “objective morality” if there is such a thing
It seems pretty likely that other Earth life would eventually become as intelligent as humans
This would imply that unbounded risk, like unbounded AI risk or grey goo, have more moral importance per unit of probability than other risks
I propose a way of calculating expected value of reducing various x-risks that takes these differences into account, and I estimate that preventing unbounded AI risk is three times as important as preventing other x-risks per unit of probability
Introduction
I think different kinds of X-risk could have much different moral importance per unit of probability, as humans aren’t the only thing that has the opportunity to maximize the value of the universe.
It could be that other Earth-based life (like apes that could evolve human-like capabilities after a while, or completely different organisms evolving intelligence after a long while) could maximize the utility of the universe, as this life would evolve in similar ways to humans, so might have similar values to ours.
There’s also the possibility that intelligent alien life could potentially evolve and then maximize the value of the universe. Although the probability of both of these events are quite hard to estimate and I’m very confused about the Fermi paradox.
X-risk categorized by boundedness
I propose the division of x-risk into three categories of boundedness:
Earth-bounded x-risk (erases the potential of Earth life)
Unbounded x-risk (erases potential of all life in our light cone)
Of course, these categories aren’t perfect, and probably one way to do this while losing less detail would be to rate each x-risk by its probability of killing all of humanity, probability of killing different categories of Earth-based life, and probability of spreading throughout the universe and sterilizing it of potential value.
There’s also a lot of area between human-bounded and Earth-bounded x-risk, where something that would kill complex life but leave very simple life might allow the possibility of complex life arising again after a while. I’ll ignore this for time’s sake.
But I think these three categories are quite useful as I think there isn’t much overlap between the various categories.
Just from this categorization and assuming a positive expected value of a universe optimized by other lifeforms, it is obvious that unbounded x risk is the most important per unit of probability, followed by Earth-bounded x-risk, followed by human-bounded x-risk.
Expected value of a world without humans
Let’s imagine a world where all of humanity dies, maybe through an engineered pandemic.
There are two variables that are relevant to the way I propose we can calculate x-risk importance taking into account boundedness:
Expected time for Earth life to become as intelligent as humans are currently
Expected value of Earth-optimized universe per unit of time
I don’t know much about biology and evolution, but it seems pretty likely to my uneducated brain that, conditional upon other life on Earth staying around for a while, at least some of it would eventually evolve to be similarly intelligent to current-day humans. I’ll put this number at half a billion years as a rough guess.
Given that they evolved in a similar evolutionary environment, maybe there’d be a high probability that they’d evolve into similarly pro-social creatures as humans, and value happiness in others. I’ll put the expected value of Earth-optimized universe per unit of time at 0.7 (compared to 1, which is the value for Human-optimized universe per unit of time, as what we’re looking for is relative importance).
Expected value of a world without Earth life
Let’s imagine a world where all of Earth’s potential is erased, maybe through a gamma ray burst or through a bounded AI catastrophe.
The variables we want to know are:
Expected time for alien life to become as intelligent as humans are currently
Expected value of alien-optimized universe per unit of time
The Fermi paradox and the anthropic principle confuse me a lot, but I’ll put an expected waiting time for intelligent alien life at 50 billion years. This is a wild guess.
Because aliens would be much less similar to humans on expectation than other Earth life, I feel much less confident about predicting the expected value of an alien-optimized universe per unit of time. I’ll put this number at 0.2.
Other variables
Some other variables relevant for comparing values of different x-risk categories are:
Time it takes a civilization to go from human-level intelligence to optimizing the universe. I’ll put this at 0 to make the calculation simpler as it’s not a large quantity on a cosmic timescale.
Time the universe will be optimizable. I’ll estimate this at 100 billion years as a wild guess.
Upper bound of value as a function of time. It’s pretty safe (?) to assume that, as there’s less usable energy, it will be harder to optimize the universe. There’s also the fact that as optimization starts later in time, there will be less of the universe that’s reachable. I’ll ignore both of these.
Back of the napkin calculation
The expected value of the future by scenario. It’s clear that, using my numbers, all Earth life dying is much worse than just humanity dying.
For any steady-state universe lifetime, the expected value equals the expected value per unit time, multiplied by how long it will last.
Let’s define some terms.
U=value of universe
V=value of optimized universe per unit time
D=duration of optimized universe =100B−time it takes to optimize the universe
E(U)=E(V)⋅D
Then, for humanity surviving, this would equal 100 billion units of value.
For humanity dying but Earth life surviving, this would equal around 70 billion units of value.
For Earth life dying but alien life surviving, this would equal about 10 billion units of value.
Therefore:
the event of humanity dying but Earth life surviving loses 30 billion units of value
the event of humanity and other Earth life dying (terracide?) but alien life surviving loses 95 billion units of value
the event of all potential life dying (cosmocide?) loses 100 billion units of value
So, using my numbers, the ratio of preventing these three events by unit of probability is 30:95:100.
In other words, scenarios that would destroy Earth life or Earth and alien life are roughly 3 times more important than human-bounded scenarios.
Implications for cause prioritization
This would imply that we should weigh more heavily towards preventing catastrophes that could be not just bounded to killing humanity. For instance, if you think AI catastrophes could have a 50% chance of being Earth-bounded or unbounded, even if you place the same probability on AI risk and biorisk, you would find preventing AI risk twice as important.
In other words, the existential risks that don’t just stop at humanity (unbounded AI risk, grey goo, gamma ray bursts?, large asteroids?, false vacuum decay) should be weighed about 3 times more in cause prioritization, if you think my numbers are correct.
I encourage you to plug in your own numbers or draw your own graph and see how this affects your cause prioritization, but probably the most important effect this has is to make AI risk more important per unit probability than other risks. One crucial question is:
What is the probability than an AI catastrophe would not stop at humanity, given that an AI catastrophe would happen?
I think this number is pretty close to 1, and this makes preventing AI risk roughly 3 times as important as other relevant x-risks per unit of probability.
Not all x-risk is the same: implications of non-human-descendants
Epistemic status: Very uncertain about my estimates of numerical values but pretty certain that proposed way of calculating relative x-risk value is useful. Been thinking about this for a while but wrote it quickly.
Summary
In short:
We can divide x-risk by how bounded it is into three categories:
Human-bounded x-risk kills all humans but leaves at least some life on Earth
Earth-bounded x-risk kills all life on Earth but doesn’t spread to other parts of the universe
Unbounded x-risk spreads through the universe and sterilizes it of any potential value
These categories could have very high differences in importance per unit of probability because:
Human-bounded x-risk leaves the possibility of other Earth life becoming intelligent and optimizing the universe
Earth-bounded x-risk leaves the possibility of intelligent life originating on other planets in our light cone and optimizing the universe
As the new intelligent life becomes less similar to humans, we lose the ability to predict how much their values would align with ours, or “objective morality” if there is such a thing
It seems pretty likely that other Earth life would eventually become as intelligent as humans
This would imply that unbounded risk, like unbounded AI risk or grey goo, have more moral importance per unit of probability than other risks
I propose a way of calculating expected value of reducing various x-risks that takes these differences into account, and I estimate that preventing unbounded AI risk is three times as important as preventing other x-risks per unit of probability
Introduction
I think different kinds of X-risk could have much different moral importance per unit of probability, as humans aren’t the only thing that has the opportunity to maximize the value of the universe.
It could be that other Earth-based life (like apes that could evolve human-like capabilities after a while, or completely different organisms evolving intelligence after a long while) could maximize the utility of the universe, as this life would evolve in similar ways to humans, so might have similar values to ours.
There’s also the possibility that intelligent alien life could potentially evolve and then maximize the value of the universe. Although the probability of both of these events are quite hard to estimate and I’m very confused about the Fermi paradox.
X-risk categorized by boundedness
I propose the division of x-risk into three categories of boundedness:
Human-bounded x-risk (erases humanity’s potential)
Earth-bounded x-risk (erases the potential of Earth life)
Unbounded x-risk (erases potential of all life in our light cone)
Of course, these categories aren’t perfect, and probably one way to do this while losing less detail would be to rate each x-risk by its probability of killing all of humanity, probability of killing different categories of Earth-based life, and probability of spreading throughout the universe and sterilizing it of potential value.
There’s also a lot of area between human-bounded and Earth-bounded x-risk, where something that would kill complex life but leave very simple life might allow the possibility of complex life arising again after a while. I’ll ignore this for time’s sake.
But I think these three categories are quite useful as I think there isn’t much overlap between the various categories.
Just from this categorization and assuming a positive expected value of a universe optimized by other lifeforms, it is obvious that unbounded x risk is the most important per unit of probability, followed by Earth-bounded x-risk, followed by human-bounded x-risk.
Expected value of a world without humans
Let’s imagine a world where all of humanity dies, maybe through an engineered pandemic.
There are two variables that are relevant to the way I propose we can calculate x-risk importance taking into account boundedness:
Expected time for Earth life to become as intelligent as humans are currently
Expected value of Earth-optimized universe per unit of time
I don’t know much about biology and evolution, but it seems pretty likely to my uneducated brain that, conditional upon other life on Earth staying around for a while, at least some of it would eventually evolve to be similarly intelligent to current-day humans. I’ll put this number at half a billion years as a rough guess.
Given that they evolved in a similar evolutionary environment, maybe there’d be a high probability that they’d evolve into similarly pro-social creatures as humans, and value happiness in others. I’ll put the expected value of Earth-optimized universe per unit of time at 0.7 (compared to 1, which is the value for Human-optimized universe per unit of time, as what we’re looking for is relative importance).
Expected value of a world without Earth life
Let’s imagine a world where all of Earth’s potential is erased, maybe through a gamma ray burst or through a bounded AI catastrophe.
The variables we want to know are:
Expected time for alien life to become as intelligent as humans are currently
Expected value of alien-optimized universe per unit of time
The Fermi paradox and the anthropic principle confuse me a lot, but I’ll put an expected waiting time for intelligent alien life at 50 billion years. This is a wild guess.
Because aliens would be much less similar to humans on expectation than other Earth life, I feel much less confident about predicting the expected value of an alien-optimized universe per unit of time. I’ll put this number at 0.2.
Other variables
Some other variables relevant for comparing values of different x-risk categories are:
Time it takes a civilization to go from human-level intelligence to optimizing the universe. I’ll put this at 0 to make the calculation simpler as it’s not a large quantity on a cosmic timescale.
Time the universe will be optimizable. I’ll estimate this at 100 billion years as a wild guess.
Upper bound of value as a function of time. It’s pretty safe (?) to assume that, as there’s less usable energy, it will be harder to optimize the universe. There’s also the fact that as optimization starts later in time, there will be less of the universe that’s reachable. I’ll ignore both of these.
Back of the napkin calculation
using my numbers, all Earth life dying is much worse than just humanity dying.
For any steady-state universe lifetime, the expected value equals the expected value per unit time, multiplied by how long it will last.
Let’s define some terms.
U=value of universe
V=value of optimized universe per unit time
D=duration of optimized universe =100B−time it takes to optimize the universe
E(U)=E(V)⋅DThen, for humanity surviving, this would equal 100 billion units of value.
For humanity dying but Earth life surviving, this would equal around 70 billion units of value.
For Earth life dying but alien life surviving, this would equal about 10 billion units of value.
Therefore:
the event of humanity dying but Earth life surviving loses 30 billion units of value
the event of humanity and other Earth life dying (terracide?) but alien life surviving loses 95 billion units of value
the event of all potential life dying (cosmocide?) loses 100 billion units of value
So, using my numbers, the ratio of preventing these three events by unit of probability is 30:95:100.
In other words, scenarios that would destroy Earth life or Earth and alien life are roughly 3 times more important than human-bounded scenarios.
Implications for cause prioritization
This would imply that we should weigh more heavily towards preventing catastrophes that could be not just bounded to killing humanity. For instance, if you think AI catastrophes could have a 50% chance of being Earth-bounded or unbounded, even if you place the same probability on AI risk and biorisk, you would find preventing AI risk twice as important.
In other words, the existential risks that don’t just stop at humanity (unbounded AI risk, grey goo, gamma ray bursts?, large asteroids?, false vacuum decay) should be weighed about 3 times more in cause prioritization, if you think my numbers are correct.
I encourage you to plug in your own numbers or draw your own graph and see how this affects your cause prioritization, but probably the most important effect this has is to make AI risk more important per unit probability than other risks. One crucial question is:
What is the probability than an AI catastrophe would not stop at humanity, given that an AI catastrophe would happen?
I think this number is pretty close to 1, and this makes preventing AI risk roughly 3 times as important as other relevant x-risks per unit of probability.