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Thanks for sharing. Really insightful, especially the comparison of effect sizes. What would be great to follow up on some time:
(1) comparison of all relevant different substances with their effect sizes, medication but also supplements, e.g. I missed L-Dopa, Amphetamine, L-Carnitine, healthy diet, etc., e.g. Methylphenidate seems to help healthy adults https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924977X20302145
(2) display of which substances do NOT work
(3) differentiation in terms of not only effect size but of how many people are likely to experience an effect by the substance.
(4) differentiation in terms of what helps whom better. E.g.
Lisdexamfetamine seems to work a little better than Methylphenidad and Modafinil for ADHD people: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1060028018795703
Exercise also seems to help more for people with ADHD:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022395619306168
(5) Cognitive “enhancement” can also happen by not eating certain things e.g. diverse toxins, sugar-fat, etc. Maybe that can be a good add-on as well.
Thanks again for sharing.
Thank you, Akash, for sharing these papers. They are fascinating! Here is another paper that I sometime cite when referring to the “retention”-problem. It is a systematic analysis of infield data, estimating that 90% of users trying unguided mental health apps drop out after 7 days (Baumel & Edan, 2019).