Comparing charities: How big is the difference?
Your donations can do an astonishing amount of good. However, the impact can vary wildly depending on where you donate.
The best charities can be at least ten times better than a typical charity within the same area, hundreds of times better than poor-performing charities, and the worst charities can do harm.
Intervention cost-effectiveness in global health in order of DALY per $1,000 on the y-axis, from the DCP2. Compiled from The Moral Imperative Towards Cost Effectiveness by Toby Ord.
This page contains some out-of-date information. We hope to update it as soon as we can, and still believe that the core argument is correct. For a more recent analysis of this topic, see 80,000 Hours’ article: “How much do social problems differ in their effectiveness? A collection of all the studies we could find.”
Comparing charities
Imagine you had $100 to spend to help improve school attendance of school children in low-income countries. How many additional years of school could that buy?
Providing merit scholarships for girls would result in about a month or two of school attendance (0.15 years). That would seem like a pretty good deal, right? However, if you spent that $100 on school-based deworming treatments it would result in about 14 years of school – that’s almost one hundred times more schooling.
Furthermore, that same deworming program could give an extra year of healthy life for roughly $28-$70 (according to charity evaluator GiveWell). In comparison, new cancer drugs are generally recommended in Australia if their cost per year of healthy life saved is around $45,000-$75,000. A factor of almost one thousand.
At least merit scholarships and new cancer drugs have positive effects – they still improve schooling and save lives. That isn’t always the case. Suppose you were to spend that same $100 on trying to prevent juvenile offending using the “Scared Straight” program. In that case, it’s estimated that would have a negative effect, costing society $29,300 for that $100 invested.
We’ve collated a list of examples at the bottom of this page, but first...
Is this surprising?
Most people find this surprising, but it probably shouldn’t be. We’re used to seeing uneven distributions in all kinds of fields:
The most profitable businesses are many many times more profitable than the average business.
A bestselling author far outsells the average author.
Many investments lose money while some return 1,000 times the initial investment
Furthermore, charities don’t have the same competitive dynamics as the private sector because it isn’t the beneficiary that pays for the intervention. If one company is charging $10,000 for a laptop and another company is charging $1,000 for a better laptop, the first company wouldn’t survive long. However, a donor will often donate the same amount regardless of the impact.
Does this matter?
Yes, it has a real tangible cost. We just notice it less when it’s affecting others (especially if they’re far away in distance or time, or otherwise different enough from us).
When reading numbers that affect others the only difference between 1 and 100 is two little zeros – it doesn’t feel significant. Our brains don’t really intuitively have an emotional sense of scale (psychologists call this phenomenon scope insensitivity).
To get a sense of scale it can help to try and picture the impact very personally.
Take a moment to slowly read and imagine each of these examples:
You need a life-saving surgery that costs $500,000. Then you find there is another procedure that’s just as effective for only $5,000.
Your partner is diagnosed with a disease and they only have an 8% chance of surviving with the standard procedure. Then you are told there’s an alternate procedure for the same cost that increases their chances of living to 80%.
Your beloved family pet is diagnosed with a disease and is only expected to live for 6 months with standard treatment. You find out that you can have an alternate treatment that will give them 6 years of excellent life.
Your entire family is stranded with a bushfire raging towards you and only have a small motorbike to escape. Then a person driving an empty minibus comes by to rescue you.
Notice that initial dropping of the stomach, followed by an amazing sense of relief? That is what 10x-100x feels like.
The good news is that:
Outstanding giving opportunities can be found; and
Many of us are fortunate enough to have significant resources to put to good use (most people reading this would be on the global rich list).
A typical American who donated 10% of their income to an effective charity could choose to save an estimated 40 lives over their career (e.g. ~45 years, ~$50k income, ~$5,500 per life saved donating to Against Malaria Foundation according to GiveWell’s estimate).
It’s amazing how we can significantly improve the lives of others if we use our resources effectively.
What can we do?
Charity evaluation is a difficult task for most donors to do on their own, so we’ve put together our giving recommendations to help you get started.
If you’re convinced that it’s important to improve the lives of others, consider taking a pledge to donate a meaningful portion of your income to help improve the lives of others. It can help you live up to your values, meet like-minded people, and inspire others to follow suit.
If you’re driven to have an impact, you may also be able to significantly help others by pursuing a high-impact career, volunteering, or advocating for effective ways of improving the world.
More effective ways to help others
Charity cost-effectiveness comparisons
We’ve collated the following table of examples which illustrate this underlying point by drawing comparisons with publicly available data.
However, there are some things worth noting:
The best giving opportunities are often hard to precisely quantify.
You can find much larger gains when comparing a much wider set of options; e.g.
Instead of treating similar conditions in a more effective way, you could treat a different condition;
Instead of focusing on the wellbeing of people alive today, you could focus on the wellbeing of future generations or animals.
These numbers are estimates from a range of sources and times, and use varying statistical methods.
We don’t necessarily recommend all of the charities used in the ‘more effective’ examples below.
These estimates generally look at the charities average cost-effectiveness (the ratio between all the benefits they provide divided by all their costs), which is likely to differ from the marginal cost-effectiveness (the ratio between all the benefits gained from an additional donation, divided by the size of that donation). We think donors should primarily be interested in marginal cost-effectiveness.
| More Effective | Less Effective | Difference |
|---|---|---|
| Cataract Surgery ~$1,000/ severe visual impairment reversed | Seeing Eye Dogs ~$40,000/ blind person served | ~40x for somewhat similar outcome |
| Antimalarial Bednets ~$10,000 per 2 deaths averted | Make A Wish ~$9,000/ wish granted | Similar cost for vastly different outcome |
| Chlorine Dispensers ~$2 per diarrhoeal incident avoided | Hand Washing Promotion + Free Soap ~$14 per diarrhoeal incident avoided | ~7x for same outcome |
| The Humane League corporate campaigns + activities ~$1,000 per 100,000 farm animal lives improved | Animal shelters rescue ~$1,000 per 2.45 dogs/cats rescued | ~40,000x for similar outcome with different animals |
Examples of charities that do harm (negative cost-effectiveness)
The Scared Straight programme is estimated to have cost society ~$293 per $1 invested (the intervention has increased juvenile offending)
Play Pumps each cost ~$14,000 and are reported to have been much worse than the cheaper hand pumps they replaced
What are the best and worst charities to donate to?
The best charities are ones that are evaluated to be highly impactful — they work on an important problem and do the most good with the resources they have. The worst charities are ones that actively harm those whom they intend to help, or society at large.
Join our effective giving community
If you’ve made it this far, we hope you’re inspired to give more, and to give more effectively.
Join the Giving What We Can community by taking a pledge to donate a meaningful portion of your income to help improve the lives of others. It can help you to live up to your values, meet like-minded people, and inspire others to follow suit.
Not ready to pledge? You can also donate to an effective charity, sign up to our newsletter, read our blog, attend an event, join an effective altruism group, or get in touch if you’d like to discuss anything.
If you have any updated figures or examples to add to this page, please contact us to let us know.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
If Charity cost-effectiveness comparisons are about average cost-effectiveness. How can we know about the marginal impact of our donations? I’m curious about that, because that could mean the best donations are not necessarily to the top charities listed...
I’m a bit confused by the following example:
I’m guessing “>100 SDs test score improvement” is trying to say something like 1 standard deviation test score improvement for 100 students, right? I noticed this example is no longer on the original GWWC post so I couldn’t find the source.
Thank you for flagging! I’ve updated the forum post with the text from the original article.
For more recent information on education interventions, I think the recent post Are education interventions as cost effective as the top health interventions? Five separate lines of evidence for the income effects of better education [Founders Pledge] might be interesting
According the numbers quoted (“~45 years, ~$50k income, ~$4,500 per life saved”), isn’t it more like 50 lives rather than 100? In the linked GWWC article then it says $2,300 per life saved, not $4,500. I don’t know which figure is correct, but it makes a difference by a factor of ~2.
Thanks for mentioning these errors! Edited the post.
Love the examples of the differences that 10x-100x impact can make! Really hits home on how scope insensitive I am, and how much I need to adjust for it.
It looks as if the article has been revised but not reviewed: Some paragraphs occur twice, some headings don’t fit, and there are a few typos (e.g. “eact”). Since this is a basic article that is also read by all Intro Fellows, it might be worthwhile to correct the mistakes. ..
Thank you very much Patricia! These have been updated.
Great article! However, I noticed the following text appears twice: ”...a meaningful portion of your income to help improve the lives of others. It can help you live up to your values, meet like-minded people, and inspire others to follow suit.”
Hi! Does anybody know where the figure for cataract surgery ($1,000/severe visual impairment reversed) comes from? Is it one eye, or both eyes? I’m making a presentation and I’d like to be assured that the figures are as correct as possible.
For instance, this 2011 article (https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-13-480) provides the following information:
“The average cost of cataract surgery [in Southern Ethiopia] in 2010 was US$141.6 (Range: US$37.6–312.6)”.
Last time I looked the best I could find was https://www.givewell.org/international/technical/programs/cataract-surgery#cost from GiveWell, which estimated “the cost per blindness or severe visual impairment reversed at $112-$1,250” but if I remember correctly there are uncertainties around counterfactuality and other important considerations.
Hi, Lorenzo! Thank you, once again, for your kindness!
Small typo: “Furthermore, that same deworming program could give an extra year of healthy life FOR roughly $28-$70”
This appears to be a title but there is no text following it
Thanks for flagging, in the original article it seems it was a link to https://www.effectivealtruism.org/get-involved, I’ve edited the text.
I have read the this with interest. However, I think we must factor in the society or communities used to get some statistics.
The example of controlling spread of HIV in the American vs African environment is likely to be different. In Uganda, similar to most African countries, the best intervention would be at childbirth. Sensitising communities will not be the most impactful thing to do, because it may be difficult to mobilise a big number of people, whether physically or on social media. Many of them will listen but will not implement proposals. However, every woman who attends ante-natal clinics or who goes to a health facility for delivery of her child can be impacted on controlling mother to child spread of HIV. I do not have specific statistics ….just my thoughts and general observation.