I’m Karthik, a scientist by training in biochemical engineering and systems/quantitative biology. I’ve been keen on the Effective Altruism movement since first hearing about it on Sam Harris’ podcast in 2016. I’m particularly motivated by the problem of farmed animal agriculture, and have steered my life and pursuits accordingly. I currently work as a data scientist at Climax Foods to develop next-generation vegan food products. And I’ve also authored a book about the impending end of animal agriculture—focusing on how poor and inefficient animals are as a production system (the “technological” argument against animal ag). Book is titled After Meat, and more info is here: https://aftermeatbook.com/
Karthik Sekar
Karma: 233
I love the story and helpful summarization of Singer’s mindset. His emphasis on the truth and listening to your detractors is an inspiration.
Reading an essay from him in college was my first step toward appreciating animal welfare and steering my life accordingly. I can’t imagine how different my focus would be if it weren’t for Peter Singer.
Thanks Cornelis, I agree about the empirical evidence. And indeed, emphasizing Ami and how long it’s been around would have obviated a lot of confusion here.
We seem to disagree about (1) the variance of meat-based retail products versus vegan ones and (2) whether or not the “trial-by-fire” standard is more helpful than just simply the criteria that AAFCO/FDA defines regarding nutritional, toxicity, digestibility, and safety.
(1) Sounds like your priors for the intra-variance of meat-based cat food are lower than the inter-variance between validated meat and vegan cat food. I don’t share these same priors, and the best I can offer is Chapter 6 of After Meat where I explain in detail how I think about nutrition including the fungibility of food. Long story short, I really don’t think there’s anything special nutritionally about meat that can’t be recapitulated elsewhere, but I understand that not everyone has that intuition.
(2) AAFCO updates their standards in light of new evidence. The “trial-by-fire” is baked into their standards. And I suspect if we had similar priors regarding (1), this point may be moot.
But I appreciate your good faith, and I’ll leave it here.
Thanks Cornelis, I sincerely appreciate the good will shown.
For me: I agreed with you and felt like my mind was being changed to being pro-vegan-cat—until I read Elizabeth’s comment pointed out the issues in the study. So for me it is mostly because you haven’t engaged with that specific comment and pointed out why the concerns that are highlighted in her screenshots (from the actual study!) are not something that I need to worry about.
I conceded on Domínguez-Oliva et al., and Elizabeth’s concerns were entirely valid. However, it’s one study and one diet, and I felt that Elizabeth was ignoring the basis of nutrition and biochemistry that I emphasized throughout the post. Thanks for highlighting that the food was lacking necessary, known supplements. That was a key point that would have been helpful to broach earlier.
A RCT study will likely be just a formality for something like the Ami vegan cat food. And yes, it’s frustrating that this hasn’t been done/published yet! As I understand from Andrew Knight, there’s a better study coming out this year.
Convince Elizabeth and you, by proxy, convince me I’m pretty sure.
I haven’t found Elizabeth willing to falsify their thinking as much as you and perceive general antagonism and defensiveness.
She meant the diet that we have the most empirical evidence doesn’t harm/kill them.
We don’t have empirical evidence of the same happening with meat-based diets.Do we have empirical evidence that a specific meat-based food is consistently safe over many years? My understanding is that many change constantly.
So modern nutritionally complete meat-based diets presently have a 100%-wont-cause-major-adverse-health-outcomes rate. Is this not what the studies seem to show?
Not really. Check out the recall withdrawals over the year: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/safety-health/recalls-withdrawals
Best we can do is what AAFCO and FDA already do. AAFCO sets nutritional guidelines and ingredient requirements. FDA regulates the safety.
We have some empirical evidence that vegan diets appear to quckly give cats major bad health outcomes without supplementation? The first comment in this thread by Elizabeth pointed this out.
Why is that diet representative of for example nutritionally complete Ami, which has been around for years? Isn’t it much better to just defer to AAFCO’s and FDA’s standards, which Ami meets?
The most parsimonious explanation is that the lack of supplements was the problem, not the “vegan”-ness. If I get sick from my potato chip diet, it doesn’t mean I should avoid a plant-based diet with all required nutrients.If you were to consider all possible meals a cat could reaonably be fed today. On average, it seems reasonable to suspect that they would be healthier if more of those meals were meat-based than plant-based.
Based on what? I don’t intuit this at all. Furthermore, we’re not saying any plant ingredients. We’re saying the ones that meet nutritional, toxicity, and digestibility requirements for cats.
Both you and Elizabeth have offered something fairly distinct from AAFCO’s/FDA’s standards. And so far, I’m finding neither to be better.
Given how nascent the field is and how we’re only just finding out what supplementation we might have to give cats
It’s not nascent. AAFCO has been providing guidance on the nutritional requirements for cats for decades.
Something weird and unexpected like the NO pathway could explain why cats on vegan diets still get health issues as the pro-vegan study Elizabeth linked to shows.
But we have the same uncertainty with retail meat-based cat food, which I’ve highlighted is quite distinct from what cats evolved on.
An escape hatch from this would of course be lab grown meat that is to the molecule identical to meat.
I don’t understand the obeisance to molecularly-exact meat. Evolution doesn’t select for health and well being. It selects for propagation for a specific niche in a specific environment. Our goals with domestic cats are different than what evolution optimized for.
Consider human evolution. For most of it, life expectancy was far lower than today. The diet of prehistoric times isn’t by default aspirational. Instead, current nutrition studies focus on health outcomes, e.g. life expectancy, blood pressure, rate of obesity, etc.
So recommendations focus directly on cause (food eaten) and effect (health outcomes). And that’s what we should do with cats. We should not put meat on a pedestal and beeline for that.
Feed animals close to their natural diet while researching how to do better. You dismiss this as “appeal to nature”, but I would describe it as “the burden is on the attempt to change the default”.
“Meeting nutritional requirements” is a far better default standard than what’s “natural”. Few problems with the “natural” standard:
Retail based meat cat food is far from what’s “natural” as I covered in the post.
What’s “natural” isn’t more equivalent to what’s healthy. Is a diseased bird corpse more “natural” than nutritionally-complete vegan cat food? Probably. Healthier? Hmmmm.
“Natural” is imprecise and hard to make actionable. How would an organization like AAFCO put that into words and regulations?
I assure you I am at least as obnoxious about human nutrition testing, which is better studied and features a more adaptable subject.
Yep, human nutrition is better studied. There’s more funding and more interest in the subject.
As discussed before, we’re both in agreement for more studies. Funding is needed.
Thanks Lilly. FYI, as far as tractability goes, I ask for ingredient approvals and a few RCTs. These wouldn’t require much in terms of cost (~1 million USD). There’s millions of vegans around the world, and I bet many are relishing the opportunity to rear vegan cats, including myself.
I also want to flag another ancillary benefit that developed in the days since discussing this post with others: Many folks understand the ethical and environmental benefits to going vegan, but won’t do so themselves because of perceived health concerns. If “carnivore” cats can be vegan safely, that’s quite the signal to non-vegan humans.
Thanks for the ideas. I do have a few concerns.
1.) Would owners be that much more receptive to switching to grain-free for ethical reasons? I would imagine similar head wind compare to vegan diets. I agree with you though about the cost point.
2.) I think this too would also be a tough sell. I’m guessing most owners think more protein is better for health.
3.) One issue here is the carcass balancing problem of animal agriculture. Cat food is generally the offal of the industry. I’m dubious of this approach without it exploding the cost.
Okay, it sounds like your argument is “vegan cat food is capable of meeting the same standard as meat-based food”.
Indeed.
From skimming the AAFCO document it’s not obvious to me AAFCO thinks meeting its standard is sufficient for health (see screenshot below, from page 2).
As you pointed out earlier, we don’t know everything that we could know. What do you propose we do? It sounds like your concerns are with food testing for cats period, and they’re not specific to the vegan formulations.
My stance is that if it’s okay to feed cats meat-based food, then it’s fine to feed them vegan food.
You say you’ve done research satisfying you that this is all biochemistry and we know everything we need.
To be clear, this is not what I’m arguing. Biochemistry research is never complete. I’m arguing that it’s safe to feed cats vegan based on what’s known.
Can you write that up?
Here’s the AAFCO list of required nutrients for cats and what I view as authoritative (pages 13-14):
How are we sure we’ve identified every useful nutrient? How do we know the bioavailability tests are any good?
I’m not sure. But these questions persist for Fancy Feast and any other meat cat food as much as they apply to vegan cat food. Are we sure they have every useful nutrient and that the measured bioavailability is good?
The argument isn’t solely based on the survey data. It’s supported by fundamentals of biochemistry, metabolism, and digestion too. I won’t presume to know your biology knowledge. Earlier, you said “biology as a field is dumb”, which may or may not be indicative of much personal study of biology. So I apologize if this is over-explaining, but I feel that I may have glossed over it when making the post:
Mammals such as cats will digest food matter into constituent molecules. Those molecules are chemically converted to other molecules—collectively, metabolism--, and energy and biomass (muscles, bones) are built from those precursors. For cats to truly be obligate carnivores, there would have to be something exceptional about meat: (A) There would have to be essential molecules—nutrients—that cannot be sourced anywhere else OR (B) the meat would have to be digestible in a way that’s not possible with plant matter.
(A) is very easy to correct for. Just test formulations for missing nutrients (molecules) and add them. So far, there are no “special” meat molecules that can’t be sourced from elsewhere. (B) is making a more digestible formulation. If we extract pea protein and measure the digestibility, we’ll know if it’ll work for a cat or not.
On (A), AAFCO is setting this already with their nutritional guidelines, e.g. minimum amount of proteins, vitamins, etc. On (B), part of the ingredient testing is making sure the food is digestible for cats (also testing for toxicity).
So any plant-based food that passes AAFCO guidelines is nutritionally complete for cats. Ami does, for example.
One of my points is that people’s assumptions about carnivory fail to consider biochemistry. Yes, the formal scientific studies are lacking, but it really shouldn’t matter based on what’s known about more fundamental biology. Do we need long term studies to absolutely know that Yellowclothea people are safe to wear purple?
I agree that more formal studies higher on hierarchy of evidence would convince folks, seemingly like yourself. And to that point, I advocate for more of it. But given what I’ve researched and what I know about biology, I would feel comfortable raising a cat vegan healthily and recommending others to do the same.
That’s how I understand it too.
Whoops. Thanks! Fixed
Could you provide a source for this? In biology, “obligate carnivore” means “obligate meat eater”. They cannot get sufficient nutrition from plants alone. This doesn’t rule out an artificial diet providing the missing nutrients, or someone incorrectly classifying a non-obligate carnivore as obligate due to bad data. But it does not mean “based on observation”.
I could have the official definition wrong—I edited the post. I’m thinking about it colloquially and repudiating how it’s conceived for example here.
I agree that the paper you highlighted is not making its case strong nor clear.
The best evidence seems to be survey based; for example, here: https://faunalytics.org/plant-based-cats-are-healthier-according-to-guardians/
Andrew Knight, a foremost researcher in the area, has a more definitive study publishing this year.
Otherwise, yes, I agree that we must continue to work our way up the Hierarchy of Evidence and campaign for more and better “formal” science.
Yes, I agree that we need more studies and more science here. The limitation is funding. I am campaigning for that.
Another comment brought up a similar point, see https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/AFPXXepkgitbvTtpH/getting-cats-vegan-is-possible-and-imperative?commentId=yM9hvEHYHwJnZ7PfM
Evolution-based, appeal to nature arguments aren’t good. As I suggested in the post, please see the first chapter of After Meat which discusses in detail. Key points: (1) Evolution doesn’t select for optimal health; it selects for propagation. What cats evolved on versus what they need today are different. (2) Nutrient deficiencies are one of the easiest things to measure. Measure vitals and look for what’s depleted. (3) There’s nothing magical about meat. We know how metabolism and biochemistry works, so for meat to essential, there would need to be essential nutrients that are only found in meat. That has not be found after decades of research.
Vegan diets for cats will constantly develop and be iterated. Again, we should continue to make better and better formulations. We can get to something that cats prefer versus meat and that’s more healthy for them.
This is not how ethics work. If someone has a personal choice to eat meat unnecessarily, I wouldn’t say that’s a decision to be respected. Once we get to a world where there are convenient vegan cat food options that promote better health for cats, it’d be unethical to stick with meat-based options.
Hi Jeff, I heard back from Andrew Knight who researches this issue. His findings suggest that it’s not actually an issue. I updated the post. He highlights this link: https://sustainablepetfood.info/vegetarian-feline-diets/#4
I love cats too. They’re my favorite companion animal.
Yes, they tend to be sociopathic and terrorize prey. I’m reminded by what Sam Harris said on a podcast regarding sociopathy: We should look at it as a disease to intervene on. We should want to treat/mitigate sociopathy.
As other commenters noted, keeping cats inside or placing collars on them to alert/avoid prey are important practices.
I don’t dispute that. We want to make it as convenient for folks as possible to feed their cats vegan.
I’ll reach out to my vegan pet food contacts and see if they know.
Dogs eat more meat than cats in the United States. So in terms of magnitude, dogs are a bigger issue.
Currently, it seems to be easier to rear vegan dogs. There’s more retail options and more studies. Furthermore, dogs are perceived as omnivores, and so the concerns about feeding them plant-based food are less acute.
As far as where to put our resources, I think, yes, in the long run, we’ll probably want to focus more on dogs, but we’re in a terrible place right now with respect to cat food. I think modest resources here could do much good. If we had more ingredient approvals and a few RCTs, it would open more options and trust for vegan cat food. I would anticipate these efforts costing, at most, a couple of million of dollars.
A cat I used to have would wear a collar with a bell when she went outside. It seemed to alert all of the birds around her.
Jakub, thank you for this piece. I loved it when I first read it, and I find myself coming back to it often.
I also appreciate how much the EA movement has normalized eating vegan. In 2013, only about 25% of professors in ethics reported to not eat meat. So, it’s striking and quite the signal that every EA event I’ve been too (2 EAGs, 1 EAGx, many small ones) has served fully vegan food.