Utilitarianism is the family of moral theories according to which the rightness of actions is determined solely by the sum total of wellbeing they produce.

Elements of utilitarianism

All ethical theories belonging to the utilitarian family share four defining elements:

1. Consequentialism is the view that the moral rightness of actions (or rules, policies, etc.) depends on, and only on, the value of their consequences.

2. Welfarism is the view that only the welfare (also called wellbeing) of individuals determines how good a particular state of the world is.

3. Impartiality is the view that the identity of individuals is irrelevant to the value of an outcome.

4. Additive Aggregationism is the view that the value of the world is given by the sum of the values of its parts, where these parts are some kind of local phenomena such as experiences, lives, or societies.

Classical utilitarianism

The original and most influential version of utilitarianism is classical utilitarianism. Classical utilitarianism accepts hedonism as a theory of welfare, the view that wellbeing consists of positive and negative conscious experiences. Moreover, classical utilitarianism accepts the total view of population ethics, according to which one outcome is better than another if and only if it contains a greater sum total of wellbeing, where wellbeing can be increased either by making existing people better off or by creating new people with good lives.

Acting on utilitarianism

Utilitarianism has important implications for how we should think about leading an ethical life. Because utilitarianism weighs the wellbeing of everyone equally, it implies that we should make helping others a very significant part of our lives. In helping others, we should try to use our resources to do the most good, impartially considered, that we can. Since not all ways of helping others are equally effective, utilitarianism implies that we should carefully choose which problems to work on and by what means.

To do the most good they can, in practice, many utilitarians donate a significant portion of their income to address the world’s most pressing problems, devote their careers to doing good, and aspire to high degrees of cooperativeness, personal integrity and honesty.

Influential utilitarians

• Predecessor: Mozi

• Jeremy Bentham

• John Stuart Mill

• Harriet Taylor Mill

• Henry Sidgwick

• Peter Singer

Further reading

Greenberg, Spencer (2021) Episode 042: Utilitarianism and its flavors with Nick Beckstead, Clearer Thinking, May 15.

Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna de & Peter Singer (2017) Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nathanson, Stephen (2014) Act and rule utilitarianism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, September.

Sebo, Jeff (2021) Utilitarianism and nonhuman animals, Utilitarianism.

Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2003) Consequentialism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, May 20 (updated 3 June 2019).

External links

Utilitarianism.net. An online textbook written by William MacAskill, Darius Meißner and Richard Yetter Chappell.

Utilitarianism.com. A repository of resources by David Pearce.

Utilitarian Podcast. A podcast by Gus Docker.

Related entries

axiology | consequentialism | demandingness of morality | equal consideration of interests | hedonism | normative ethics | total view | welfarism